抚仙湖流域主要生态安全问题识别

对抚仙湖的水质污染、水环境安全、生物多样性环境安全、湖泊湿地与环境安全、水资源4方面进行了安全问题识别,在此基础上开展抚仙湖生态资源环境安全问题识别,包括农业耕作土污染的环境安全问题、土壤侵蚀(水土流失)环境安全问题.结果表明:抚仙湖的生态安全面临一定的威胁,必须采取有效措施,切实解决生态环境问题,维护湖泊生态安全.     

抚仙湖水质变化趋势分析

介绍了抚仙湖的主要环境问题,分析了抚仙湖污染成因和湖泊主要污染指标的历史变迁,预测了湖泊环境污染趋势.     

抚仙湖流域综合治理规划方案研究

从整个抚仙湖流域出发,根据抚仙湖主要环境问题,提出污染综合治理总体方案设计,在此基础上根据湖泊环境保护目标、流域内重点控制区的污染特征、入湖主要污染物的总量控制,提出抚仙湖流域综合治理规划方案。      

抚仙湖流域生态系统结构与功能分析

从湖泊地质结构、湖泊水文、湖泊生态系统的不稳定性、湖泊水环境承载能力特征进行了分析,结果表明抚仙湖的生态系统不稳定,水环境的承载能力有限,湖水补给水量较小,水资源消耗量大.湖泊的功能是由各种资源相互作用而维系的,直观的资源过度利用造成对其功能的危害.全面实施抚仙湖保护,成为关系玉溪市社会经济可持续发展的头等重大问题.必须实现湖泊资源利用和经济的可持续发展,保护湖泊的生态服务功能,确保湖泊的生态安全.     

抚仙湖流域生态系统结构与功能分析

从湖泊地质结构、湖泊水文、湖泊生态系统的不稳定性、湖泊水环境承载能力特征进行了分析，结果表明：抚仙湖的生态系统不稳定，水环境的承载能力有限，湖水补给水量较小，水资源消耗量大。湖泊的功能是由各种资源相互作用而维系的，直观的资源过度利用造成对其功能的危害。全面实施抚仙湖保护，成为关系玉溪市社会经济可持续发展的头等重大问题。必须实现湖泊资源利用和经济的可持续发展，保护湖泊的生态服务功能，确保湖泊的生态安全。     

抚仙湖水质保护目标适宜性分析

依据国家地表水环境质量标准的演变、湖泊主要污染指标的历史变迁、抚仙湖水环境功能区划变化和湖泊环境管理的前瞻性与科学性,从水域环境功能和保护目标、保护抚仙湖的特殊性和重要性、经济承受能力、抚仙湖水质变化趋势、旅游发展与地方经济和行政法规的协调性6个方面进行抚仙湖水质保护目标适宜性分析,结果表明:选择抚仙湖水质保护目标为GB3838-2002《国家地面水环境质量标准》I类标准是适宜的。     

云南高原湖泊山区小流域水环境治理对策

云南高原湖泊山区小流域是湖泊重要的生态屏障和主要的清洁水源涵养区,随着社会经济的发展,其水环境呈现日益恶化趋势。以抚仙湖山区小流域的典型代表尖山河为例,在对其水环境现状及其污染成因分析的基础上,从林业生态建设、水土流失防治、农业面源污染控制、农村环境综合整治、主河道入湖河水净化等方面探讨了小流域水环境治理的对策。     

抚仙湖流域农业面源污染防治策略研究

阐述了云南省典型高原湖泊抚仙湖从源头防控、转移过程削减、终端拦截净化防治农业面源污染的多种策略,分析了抚仙湖农业面源污染防治策略的优缺点及对其他高原湖泊流域面源污染防治的启示,并提出了进一步提升农业面源污染防治效益的对策建议。     

抚仙湖湖滨带的生态治理

通过实地调查和资料收集，就普遍关注的工程必要性和可行性问题进行全面分析后认为，进行抚仙湖湖滨带生态治理可以消除湖滨带内部的污染，构筑起湖泊拦截净化面源的天然屏障，工程不仅可行而且十分必要和紧迫。     

抚仙湖子流域尺度氮排放清单构建及关键源解析

对高原湖泊流域总氮（TN）污染的精准调控是预防湖泊水体富营养化的重要环节.但过去基于全流域尺度具体时点建立的流域TN排放清单,因忽略TN污染的时空异质性,导致关键因子识别不清,控源减排措施针对性不强等问题.以典型高原深水湖泊抚仙湖为例,通过资料收集和现场调查,根据上中下游子流域特征,建立子流域尺度TN污染负荷模型;结合GIS空间分析功能,构建抚仙湖流域1990～2020年25个子流域的TN排放清单,分析TN污染负荷时空分布特征及关键污染来源.结果表明：(1) 1990、 1995、 2000、 2005、 2010、 2015和2020年的抚仙湖流域TN污染负荷分别为933.43、 1 012.90、 1 090.25、1 096.93、1 075.69、996.27和514.80 t,点源污染负荷逐年递增,但面源污染负荷仍是其主要来源. TN面源污染负荷主要来自化肥施用,点源污染负荷主要来自于农村生活;(2)TN污染负荷在空间上呈放射状递减的特点,流域整体单位面积负荷为65～6 877 kg·km-2,下游子流域单位面积TN污染负荷（1 009～6 877 kg·km-2）远远高于上...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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