Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L.as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand culture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator,uptake and transport of arsenate(As(V))and arsenite(As(III))were studied using Pteris vittata L.under sandculture.Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P.vittata.The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds,and relatively weak in root and rhizome.Moderateincreases,from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L,in phosphate reduced uptake of As(III)more than As(V),while the reverse was observed at highconcentrations of phosphate(1.0 mmol/L).Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in frondsof P.vittata when As was supplied as As(V).It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(V)during transport.Incontrast,phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(III).Therefore,the results from presentexperiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P.vittata,especially inthe fronds,when exposed to As(V);but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P.vittata exposed toAs(III)under sand culture conditions.The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P.vittata.     

稳定化处理砷污染土壤对3种修复植物的生态效应

为探索某矿区高浓度砷污染土壤的污染控制与生态修复,以粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、硫酸亚铁（Fe₂SO₄）和磷酸二氢钾（KH₂PO₄）为稳定剂,采用其不同组合对矿区土壤进行稳定化处理,以蜈蚣草、香根草、苎麻为供试植物,研究稳定化处理对土壤中As的形态转化及其对修复植物的生态效应.结果表明,添加不同稳定剂组合处理后,土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量显著增加,增幅分别为：24.4%~29.0%、23.3%~41.1%、17.8%~45.0%;10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% Fe₂SO₄组合处理对土壤中的As稳定化作用最佳,可交换态As和碳酸盐结合态As含量下降最显著,降幅分别为62.3%、55.3%;添加KH₂PO₄会活化土壤中As,10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% KH₂PO₄组合处理,土壤中可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As含量显著增加,增幅分别为26.9%、101.9%.不同稳定剂的组合处理能不同程度的提高3种植物生物量、影响As在植物中的富集、增加植物对As的累积量.3种植物生物量的大小表现为苎麻 > 蜈蚣草 > 香根草.粉煤灰、干化污泥和粉碎花生壳组合处理使蜈蚣草和苎麻地上部分生物量干重增加最显著;粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、Fe₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄组合处理使香根草地上部分生物量干重增加最显著.10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% Fe₂SO₄组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分As含量下降最显著,降幅分别为45.5%、29.5%和53.9%;而10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% KH₂PO₄的组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分As含量显著增加,增幅分别为：12.8%、25.2%和62.7%.粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、Fe₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分对As的累积量都达到最大值,与对照相比,分别增加了3.7倍,12.8倍和3.3倍.3种植物对As的富集能力和累积量表现为蜈蚣草 > 香根草 > 苎麻.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

螯合剂添加对蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤效果的影响分析

用盆栽试验的方法,研究了3种可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸二乙酸四钠（GLDA）、甲基甘氨酸二乙酸（MGDA）、乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）和1种传统螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）,在不同浓度（0,1.25,2.50,5.00,10.00 mmol/kg）下对蜈蚣草吸收土壤中As的影响。研究表明:4种螯合剂在1.25 mmol/kg时均能显著提高蜈蚣草生物量。EDDS在10 mmol/kg时根际土壤生物有效态As的含量最高,较空白组CK提高了69.2%。GLDA在10.00 mmol/kg时根际土壤As较原土壤降低了28.84%。浓度为5.00 mmol/kg的EDDS处理的蜈蚣草对As的富集系数BCF最高,为7.99,是CK的1.70倍。综合蜈蚣草生物量和对As的BCF值来看,5.00 mmol/kg MGDA地上部分对As积累量最大,其值为2648.65 μg/pot,较CK提高了65.92%。已被广泛应用于修复土壤Cd和Zn领域的新型螯合剂GLDA和MGDA在修复土壤As污染同样具有明显的潜力。     

植物超富集砷机制研究的最新进展

砷污染是全球环境热点问题之一,土壤砷污染治理是一个急需解决的难题.随着不同砷超富集植物的发现,植物修复技术因其投资和维护成本低、不易造成二次污染等优点而成为国际学术界研究的热点和前沿领域.深入理解超富集植物体内砷代谢和富集机制是有效利用植物修复技术来治理砷污染土壤的关键.近年来,植物超富集砷机制的研究取得了很大进展.已有的研究结果证明,蜈蚣草(P.vittata)对砷的吸收和转运能力显著高于非超富集植物,转运到地上部的砷主要储存在羽叶细胞的液胞中;蜈蚣草具有很强的抗氧化胁迫能力和五价砷(As(Ⅴ))还原能力;菌根共生有利于蜈蚣草的生长和砷的富集.有关植物超富集砷机制的分子生物学研究也取得了可喜的进展.砷酸盐还原酶基因(PvACR2)和植络素合成酶基因(PvPCS1)都被克隆并表征,cTPI同源基因(PV4-8)也被证明具有将As(Ⅴ)还原成三价砷(As(Ⅲ))的功能.尽管植物超富集砷机制的研究取得了迅速进展,但至今学术界仍没有全面理解为什么这些蕨类植物具有超富集砷的功能,相关功能基因、酶和转运蛋白的研究有待进一步深入.     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

Arsenic speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata

Arsenic (As) speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern was studied. In particular, the mechanism of how plants induce compounds containing thiol (SH) and proteins by As exposure in terms of the relationship between As and phosphate uptaken into plant cells was examined. Pteris vittata callus could efficiently reduce As(V) to As(III) by the rapid introduction of reductase and synthesize thiols leading to phytochelatins production. Furthermore, Pteris vittata could control phosphate concentration in the cells corresponding to the concentration of arsenite and arsenate. To our best knowledge, this is the first report to show the mechanisms of such high As tolerance of Pteris vittata using their callus in terms of in vitro approach for the analysis of As speciation and metabolism route.     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与耐砷毒的关系

为了在研究砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与蜈蚣草耐砷毒的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,蜈蚣草吸收的磷主要分布在胞质组分中(平均占各部位总磷含量的44%以上),吸收的钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中(平均占各部位总钙含量的48%以上).与低钙(0.03和2.5 mmol·L-1)处理相比,高钙(5.0 mmol·L-1)处理时,根部的胞质组分和叶柄的细胞器组分中磷含量较高.各器官的亚细胞组分中钙含量随着介质中添加钙浓度的提高而增加.介质钙浓度过高会抑制蜈蚣草的生长.在加砷处理下,根部和叶柄细胞壁组分的磷含量有所减少,但地上部细胞器组分的磷含量及其含磷总量占植株含磷总量的相对比例、根部细胞壁组分的钙含量增加.蜈蚣草自主调节磷和钙的亚细胞水平分布可能是其耐砷毒的机制之一.     

一种强富集砷的欧洲蕨——能从被污染土壤中萃取砷的耐寒、适应性强的速生植物

我们的研究首次发现一种耐寒的、适应性强的、速生的欧洲蕨，能在短时间内将土壤中有大量砷吸收并积累到其复叶之中，它不仅能祛除土壤中不同浓度的砷，还能祛除土壤中不同形态的砷，且欧洲蕨体内高达93％的砷被富集到复叶，从而使欧洲蕨成为修复土壤砷污染的救星。     

磷肥对砷污染土壤的植物修复效率的影响:田间实例研究

通过田间试验研究施用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(PterisvittataL.)生长和砷污染土壤修复效率的影响.结果表明,适量施用磷肥促进蜈蚣草的生长,显著提高其生物量,但过量施用磷肥对植物产量无贡献.随着磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,理论上在施磷量为340kg·hm-2时,砷含量可达最高(1622mg·kg-1).磷的含量与施磷量呈极显著的正相关关系.施磷量为200kg·hm-2的砷累积量最高,是不施磷处理砷累积量的2 4倍及600kg·hm-2施磷量砷累积量的1 2倍.种植蜈蚣草7个月后,土壤总砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量为200kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降5 0mg·kg-1,土壤修复效率最高(7 84%).对照和600kg·hm-2施磷量处理的土壤修复效率分别为2 31%和6 63%.理论上达到最大土壤修复效率所需施磷量为369kg·hm-2.施用磷肥可以维持土壤有效态砷含量在蜈蚣草种植前后变化不大,保证蜈蚣草下个生育期对砷的吸收.这些结果说明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在现场修复中的必要手段,优化施磷技术可大大提高砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

植物修复过程中蜈蚣草对土壤养分的吸收动态:5年田间定位试验

鉴于砷超富集植物蜈蚣草已被成功地用于修复砷污染土壤,本研究通过连续5年的植物修复田间试验,研究了土壤氮、磷、钾的消减动态和蜈蚣草对土壤氮、磷和钾的吸收动态.结果表明:种植蜈蚣草可使土壤全氮含量降低约25%(2100～2700mg.kg-1),土壤全磷和全钾含量的年际变化不明显;蜈蚣草地上部氮、磷和钾含量分别为1.23～2.38、0.14～0.47和1.10～2.01g.kg-1,地上部带走的总氮、总磷和总钾量分别为23～89、4.4～13.0和21～69kg.hm-2.a-1;与水稻和小麦相比,蜈蚣草对氮、磷和钾的吸收量都较低,但如果在连续种植过程中不施肥,蜈蚣草则可能会出现养分亏缺问题.     

野外条件下土壤砷浓度对蜈蚣草砷富集特征的影响

以As超富集植物蜈蚣草广泛分布的湖南省郴州市为例,调查了不同As污染程度下植物对As的富集和转运特点.结果表明,在野外条件下根际土壤中As浓度相对较低时(64～1000mg/kg),蜈蚣草地上部As浓度随根际土壤中As浓度的增加而逐渐增加,而在根际土壤中As浓度相对较高(1000～2712mg/kg)时,蜈蚣草地上部As浓度表现为逐渐下降的趋势.在调查的所有样点中,蜈蚣草对As的转运系数介于1.08到6.03之间,显示出超富集植物的典型特征.结果还表明,在污染区土壤As浓度存在很大的空间变异性,根际土壤与非根际土壤之间的As浓度也存在很大差异.因此,在野外调查时最好是直接采取距离植物根部最近的根际土壤.     

广西大厂矿区土壤-植物系统中Sb、As的迁移转化特征

以广西大厂多金属矿区为例,选择了3个典型矿渣堆,对其中的土壤和植物进行样品采集,分析了土壤与植物样品中Sb、As含量的分布特征,并对土壤样品进行水溶态浸提实验.结果表明,矿山活动作为环境中Sb、As的一个重要来源,已经对矿区及其周边环境形成威胁.土壤pH值对Sb、As的活动性具有很大影响,pH值越高,土壤中Sb、As的活动性越高.相比之下,Sb比As的活动性更强.Sb、As在矿区土壤-植物体系的分布特征表明,蜈蚣草对Sb、As均具有一定的吸收能力,其吸收能力均表现为:根叶茎,但Sb从植物地下部向地上部转运的能力较As弱.     

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.     

添加剂对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律的影响

蜈蚣草是砷（As）的超富集植物,为了研究CaO、MgO以及白云石对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律和赋存形态的影响,利用管式炉装置进行了一系列的实验,结果表明：3种添加剂在400~700℃温度区间固砷效果明显,MgO的固砷效果最佳、CaO其次、白云石最差.CaO和MgO的最佳固砷温度为500℃,最佳固砷效率分别为17%和14%;白云石的最佳固砷温度为700℃,最佳固砷效率为10%.燃烧温度在400~500℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中可溶砷的比例提高约5%,这是由于温度较低时,这3种添加剂主要是通过物理吸附对砷进行固定;而当温度超过800℃时,底灰中可溶砷的比例降低约10%,这是由于添加剂影响了底灰对砷的自固定,减少了可溶性砷化合物的形成.当温度低于700℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中出现少量As³⁺.     

砷-菲对蜈蚣草根部不同碳基团的影响

采用离体鲜根实验和固态13C核磁共振技术(13C-NMR)研究蜈蚣草根部对砷和菲的吸收特征及根部碳基团的影响作用.结果表明,蜈蚣草根部在无蒸腾作用的条件下能够有效地吸收砷和菲,添加菲能够促进离体鲜根对砷的吸收,添加砷也可提高菲的吸收,与对照相比,菲提高了15%~53%.蜈蚣草离体鲜根中以烷氧基C为主,羧基C比例最低,且主要为羧酸、酯和酰胺类羧基C,添加砷和菲会显著增加蜈蚣草离体鲜根中羧基C的比例.蜈蚣草离体鲜根为应对砷和菲的胁迫形成了分子结构更为稳定和复杂的芳香类有机质,从而提高离体鲜根的抗性和适应性.     

A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic in contaminated soil

Phytoremediation and soil washing are both potentially useful for remediating arsenic(As)-contaminated soils.We evaluated the effectiveness of a combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing for removal of As in contaminated soil through a pilot study.The results showed that growing Pteris vittata L.(P.v.) accompanied by soil flushing of phosphate(P.v./Flushing treatment) could significantly decrease the total As concentration of soil over a 37 day flushing period compared with the single flushing(Flushing treatment).The P.v./Flushing treatment removed 54.04% of soil As from contaminated soil compared to 47.16% in Flushing treatment,suggesting that the growth of P.vittata was beneficial for promoting the removal efficiency.We analyzed the As fractionation in soil and As concentration in soil solution to reveal the mechanism behind this combined process.Results showed that comparing with the control treatment,the percent of labile arsenate fraction significantly increased by 17% under P.v./Flushing treatment.As concentration in soil solution remained a high lever during the middle and later periods(51.26–56.22 mg/L),which was significantly higher than the Flushing treatment.Although soil flushing of phosphate for more than a month,P.vittata still had good accumulation and transfer capacity of As of the soil.The results of the research revealed that combination of phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing is available to remediate As-contaminated soils.     

四川汉源万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构对重金属的响应特征

为了充分挖掘重金属污染地区植物共附生细菌资源,提高重金属污染土壤生态修复的效率,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对四川省汉源县万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草根状茎中共附生细菌多样性和群落结构进行了研究,并分析了共附生细菌群落结构与蜈蚣草根状茎中有效重金属间的关系.结果表明,不同采样点间的蜈蚣草共附生细菌多样性存在明显差异,多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为尾矿矿口弃渣区选矿区农田.基于DGGE回收条带序列的系统发育显示,蜈蚣草共附生细菌包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteria)和弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)等细菌类群.相关性分析表明,共附生细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数均与有效Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)显示,有效As是影响蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构的关键因子,对砷含量较高的采样点,砷对蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落有促进作用,在砷含量相对较低的采样点,共附生细菌群落与砷呈负相关.研究表明,蜈蚣草存在丰富的共附生细菌种群,这些种群受蜈蚣草中有效重金属含量的影响明显,在修复重金属特别是砷污染土壤方面表现出潜在应用价值.     

活性氧化铝对水中磷的去除与回收研究

使用活性氧化铝作为吸附剂研究其对磷的吸附特性,并对不同提取剂对磷的回收效果进行了讨论.结果表明,活性氧化铝对使用蒸馏水、自来水及洱海入湖河流罗时江水配制的磷溶液有不同的磷吸附效果,其对3种不同磷溶液的吸附等温线模型均符合Langmuir模型,经计算得到理论最大吸附量分别为20.88、32.15和29.85 mg·g-1.通过吸附试验表明,电解质的存在对吸附效果有促进作用.pH值越低,活性氧化铝表面的Zeta电位越高,越有利于磷吸附.对比使用4种不同提取剂的试验结果表明,使用0.1 mol·L-1NaOH基本可以完全提取活性氧化铝吸附的磷.