北京地区近35年大气污染扩散条件变化

本文使用NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)再分析月平均数据(2.5°×2.5°)、1980~2015年北京地区(54511站点)的探空数据及温、压、湿、风、降水数据,分析了近35年来北京地区大气污染扩散条件的变化.主要结论有:1980~2015年,大气不断增温,1990年以后逆温明显,大气较为稳定,冷空气到达北京上空后对下层的影响减弱,3级以上偏北风频率减少,近地层辐合.同时,2000年以后中高层下沉运动位置不断下压,低层上升运动加强,低层上升运动被限制在边界层以内,这样会导致垂直扩散条件转差.1980~1989年大气容量指数较为稳定,1990~1999年大气容量指数出现波动,而2000~2015年大气容量指数呈现明显减小的趋势.总体来看,近35年大气自身的容纳能力呈现一个平缓的下降趋势.1980~1989年春季和冬季大气容量指数较大,1990~1999年春季和夏季大气容量指数较大,但是2000年以后,无论哪个季节,大气自身的容纳能力都是在减弱的,季节性差异变小.边界层高度在这30多年来都是春季和夏季较高,秋季和冬季明显降低.     

气候变化对浙江省大气污染的影响

开展气候变化对大气污染影响的研究有利于加深对大气污染形成机理的认识.利用1996-2015年浙江省大气成分、气象观测资料,分析气候变化对大气污染的影响.结果表明,近20 a来浙江省呈年高压天气日数增多、年均气温升高、降水集中及年均净辐射、日照时数、风速、气温日较差和水汽蒸发量都下降的气候变化事实.气候变化引起大气污染扩散能力下降,1996-2015年杭州市和浙江省年均大气扩散指数分别下降了0.55和0.81,降幅分别达35.71%和42.69%.大气扩散指数与ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）及年霾日数之间呈显著负相关,当大气扩散指数增大时,大气颗粒物浓度和年霾日数均下降,反之亦然.杭州市大气扩散指数与ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）之间的相关系数分别为0.73和0.76.杭州市和浙江省大气扩散指数与年霾日数之间的相关系数分别达到0.77和0.78,T检验值则分别为28.88和30.81,说明由气候变化引起的大气扩散能力改变是影响大气污染的重要原因,但不同大气成分受气候变化的影响程度不同.影响ρ（PM₁₀）的关键气候要素是降水量、风速及相对湿度等,影响ρ（PM_2.5）的主要是辐射、气温,影响ρ（SO₂）的主要是气温,影响ρ（NO₂）及ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）的主要是辐射.总体来说,浙江省近20 a的气候变化事实可能有利于促进ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）及ρ（O₃）等上升,促进ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NH₄+）等下降.      

云南省大气污染扩散输送特征研究

通过分析各种野外探测资料和常规气象资料,全面讨论了影响云南省大气扩散输送能力的各种特征量的变化和特点,并试图说明高原山区的特殊地形及局地小气候条件对这些特征量的影响,认为云南全省大气扩散输送具有以下特征：大气稳定度以中性类居多,频率占50％以上;风速廓线指数值比平原地区大得多,也比一般山区的大;大气混合层高度春冬季较大,夏秋季较小,下午较大,凌晨较小;滇东和滇西北扩散参数较大,滇南较小;辐射雾出现频繁是一种影响当地大气扩散输送的天气现象。     

天津地区海风对大气污染物浓度的影响

采用污染物浓度监测数据、气象数据和大气化学模式WRF-CHEM分析天津地区海风对大气污染物浓度的影响.结果表明:天津地区东部沿海的空气质量优于西部内陆及城市中心.在天津地区污染天气高发的秋冬季,海风对污染物浓度起到了稀释作用,所以海风有利于天津地区大气污染的缓解,并且对城郊污染物浓度的影响相对较大,弱气压场形势下有海风存在相对于无海风时PM_(2.5)、PM_10和O3的日均浓度减幅分别为14.4μg/m~3,22.9μg/m~3和8.9μg/m~3.2015年1月4日海风过程的实例分析表明海风锋可将沿海的部分大气污染物输送至所经过的内陆地区,所以处于海风锋前的地区污染物浓度存在短暂的小幅上升,移至海风锋后部后污染物浓度呈下降趋势,市区的PM_(2.5)小时浓度由342μg/m~3上升为399μg/m~3,而后再呈下降趋势,降至160μg/m~3左右.海风有利于天津地区大气污染物的扩散,既将污染物向海风的下游方向输送,又增强了污染物的垂直扩散能力.此次过程影响范围较广,使得天津地区的大气污染得到了缓解,但并没有使大气污染物消散.     

大气污染物扩散影响因素及影响程度探究

影响大气污染物扩散的因素很多,一般包括大气稳定度、垂直和水平温度梯度、低空风场引起的平流动力输送、地面粗糙度、湍流运动、雨雾等。这些因素都不同程度地影响大气污染物的扩散,以一定的传输和扩散规律决定大气污染水平的高低,并由此使各局部区域污染程度各不相同。     

基于APEI的2013—2018年福建省大气污染评价

为了在区(县、市)级尺度上准确衡量福建省大气污染情况,构建大气污染评价APEI指数。基于高分辨率大气污染数据集和夜间灯光数据,分析2013—2018年福建省78个县市大气污染程度时空变化特征及其影响因素的时空异质性。结果表明：1)福建省中心偏北县市大气污染程度小,东部沿海县市大气污染严重。近6年福建省78.21%的县市大气污染程度减弱;2)全省东部沿海区域空气污染严重,主要表现在NO₂和PM₁₀这2种大气污染物,均超过全省平均水平;3)从大气污染物时序变化趋势看,PM_2.5和PM₁₀变化相似,自2014年起逐年下降,到2018年分别下降约23.15%和12.21%,SO₂和NO₂分别下降明显。O₃呈U形变化,而CO则呈倒U形变化;4)全省6种大气污染物均呈现较明显的季节性波动特征;5)采用时空加权回归(STWR)模型分析夜间灯光对APEI影响的时空异质性,发现2014—2018年负向影响区域持续扩大;全省34个县市5年回归系数均为正值...     

近地面大气污染模拟模型的建立与应用研究

针对以往把整个混合层作为大气扩散研究对象的问题,研究了近地面大气污染带概念,建立了大气污染模拟模型。又考虑到目前大气污染模型仅注重研究铅直面上的二维扩散变化,而较少研究平面二维扩散问题,运用有限差分方法建立了近地面大气污染带的平面二维数值模型。通过应用证实,该大气污染模拟模型能够真实反映近地面大气中污染物的扩散趋势及空间分布特征,对城市大气环境污染预测和防治具有实际意义。     

太原市大气扩散示踪试验

太原市位于山西中部,东、西两山夹峙,汾河南北中贯,地形北部较高,南部开放,西部有一缺口,是一个封闭不完全的盆地。风速较小,1971—1980年平均风速为2.5m/s,静风频率为24％。在无系统天气过境时,近地层气象十分复杂,城南和城北、河东和河西的地面风往往不同。 近年来,太原市大气污染日趋严重,我们于1985年10—11月在太原地区进行了大气扩散示踪试验,以期能对该地区大气污染物的输送和扩散有所了解。     

山东省不同下垫面大气扩散参数的对比分析

利用在山东各地进行的多次建设项目大气环境影响评价中的大气扩散试验结果,对不同垫面的大气扩散参数做对比分析,讨论下垫面的变化对大气扩散参数的影响以及大气扩散能力与大气污染物浓度分布的关系,试验均采用平衡法进行。结果表明：不同地形下的大气扩散参数有明显差异。与国际扩散参数值相比,山区比平原高０．５－１级,平原地区与国标基本一致,工业区模向扩散参数与国标基本相当,垂直扩散参数１个级别以上;沿海地区横向扩     

天津大气扩散条件对污染物垂直分布的影响研究

利用2017~2019年夏、冬季天津市大气污染物监测和气象观测数据,基于天津气象铁塔垂直观测,针对大气垂直扩散条件对PM_2.5和O₃的影响进行研究.结果显示:近地面PM_2.5浓度随高度的升高而下降,O₃浓度则随高度的升高而上升,受大气垂直扩散条件的季节和日变化影响,冬季,地面与120m PM_2.5质量浓度相关明显,与200m PM_2.5质量浓度无明显相关.夏季,120m和200m PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.72,午后通常出现120m和200m PM_2.5质量浓度高于地面的情况.夏季,不同高度O₃浓度差异小于冬季,地面与120m高度O₃浓度接近.以大气稳定度、逆温强度和气温递减率作为大气垂直扩散指标,对地面PM_2.5和O₃垂直分布具有指示作用.冬季,TKE与PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为到-0.65,夏季,TKE与ΔPM_2.5相关系数为-0.39.夏、冬季TKE与地面O₃浓度的相关系数分别为0.46和0.53,与ΔO₃的相关系数分别为0.73和0.70.弱下沉运动对地面O₃浓度影响较强,40m高度垂直运动速度与地面O₃浓度的相关系数在冬、夏季分别为-0.54和-0.61.对冬季典型PM_2.5重污染过程的分析发现,雾霾的生消维持和PM_2.5浓度的变化与大气稳定度、气温垂直递减率和TKE的变化有直接关系.对夏季典型O3污染过程的分析发现,近地面的O₃污染的形成与有利光化学反应的气象条件密切相关,同时,垂直向下输送和有利垂直扩散条件对O₃污染的形成和爆发影响明显.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.