层次分析法在消防部队灭火救援战斗力评估中的应用

在研究消防专家测评和问卷抽样调查的基础上,建立了消防部队灭火救援战斗力评估指标体系,运用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重以及相应的评估模型,并通过实例计算,证明了该方法的可行性,为科学、有效地建设和管理消防部队、合理规范部队编制、不断发展和提高其作战力提供了依据.     

基于“互联网+”的全民消防灭火救援机制构建

在全民消防的背景下,结合互联网普及率高、移动终端使用广泛的社会现状,以消防部门灭火救援工作为例,将"互联网+"模式与消防灭火救援工作相联系,从"全民救援"对接报警工作、出警途中救援工作、救援决策及经验总结工作以及后续火灾事故原因调查工作的促进作用方面,探讨了基于"互联网+"的全民消防灭火救援机制构建的必要性、可行性和方法,并对该机制的运行过程及主要作用进行了阐述。基于"互联网+"的全民消防灭火救援机制及工作模式也可以推广至其他应急救援工作中。     

核电厂发生恐怖袭击之后——广东举行带反恐背景的核电厂事故应急演习

2008年1月,广东省举行了一次"恐怖袭击事件引起的核电厂事故应急指挥系统演习".根据<中国人民解放军参加核电厂核事故应急救援条例>、<广东省核电站场外应急计划>的有关规定和军区担负的核应急任务,广州军区陈维展部长率防化办在广东省核应急指挥中心进行了指挥系统演习;94名官兵、35台各类车辆赴大亚湾核电站附近地域参加了现地实兵演习.     

江氨举行安全消防演习

江西江氨化工有限责任公司为使化学危险品事故应急救援预案进一步落到实处，１９９９年１１月９日，该公司组织２００余名干部职工在生产区，举行了一次安全消防演习，演习内容为：公司领导进行演习动员，防护器材使用讲解，防护器材使用演练，现场急救演习，消防器材使用讲解，消防器材使用演练，实地灭火演习。多年来，该公司领导十分重视安全和消防工作，促进了企业安全生产。该公司多次被评为省、市安全生产先进单位和防火安全先进单位。江氨举行安全消防演习@姜晓毛     

破坏性地震生命救援的特点及对策研究

破坏性地震后的生命救援是国内外救援队伍面临的突出课题。本文从实战出发,在分析破坏性地震生命救援特点的基础上,总结了消防部队在破坏性地震生命救援中面临的突出问题和应采取的主要措施,并从专业救援队伍、装备建设等方面,提出了提高消防部队生命救援能力建设的对策。     

复杂电磁环境下装备保障训练效果评估研究

介绍了复杂电磁环境下装备保障训练效果评估的主要内容,建立了复杂电磁环境下装备保障训练效果评估指标体系。基于模糊综合评判方法,建立了复杂电磁环境下装备保障训练效果评估模型,并给出了具体计算步骤。该模型可为部队开展复杂电磁环境下装备保障训练效果评估提供方法支持。     

浅析毛泽东军事思想在灭火救援中的运用

毛泽东军事思想可谓已渗透到社会生活的各个领域,有着深刻的内涵和广泛的实践意义,把毛泽东战略战术军事思想用于指导如今消防部队灭火救援战斗行动,从中吸取运筹帷幄、启迪制胜的战略思维和战术策略,是毛泽东军事思想对新的军事实践予以科学理论指导的又一充分体现.     

城市消防应急物资储备库选址决策模型

城市消防应急物资储备库的合理布局,可以为救援力量提供强有力的物资保障,提升重大灾害事故的处置能力。本文分析了应急救援形势下储备库选址的特点,研究建立了城市消防应急物资储备库选址的多目标决策模型。该模型充分考虑了设施的效率性、安全性、应急恢复能力及对区域内消防力量的补充能力,满足了消防部队重大灾害处置的基本要求。     

针对危险化学品泄漏事故特点进行抢险救援的思考

危险化学品泄漏事故是消防部队抢险救援工作中一个突出而紧迫的课题,从化学品泄漏事故的特点和规律入手,弄清它对应急救援工作的影响和要求,是消防部队完成救援任务的当务之急,并具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

重大危化品事故应急救援装备建设研究

分析了当前危化品事故应急救援面临的挑战,包括储罐大型化、装置集约化等新的发展趋势,以及救援人员自身防护、救援过程重视环保和公众舆情高度关注等方面;对应提出了应急救援装备建设的重点方向,包括储罐全面积火灾成套灭火装备、人工智能消防装备、复合型灭火装备等,也提出了配套能力的建设重点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.