Sustainability in the New Zealand wine industry: drivers,stakeholders and practices

This research aims to investigate various sustainability issues in the New Zealand wine industry. Namely, the study examines (1) what drives the industry to engage in sustainability practices, (2) the role of stakeholders in the company's decision-making, and (3) environmental practices related to water utilization, chemicals and waste management. A qualitative research approach supplemented by quantitative measures was adopted to answer the research questions. Twenty-four wineries were studied. The research found that the most important drivers for sustainable practices are personal values, preferences and satisfaction with the profession (i.e., enjoyment of the work itself), followed by product quality and customers' demand. Size of firm also appears to be an important factor. New Zealand wine companies are also driven by the market, but companies do not receive a price premium for grapes grown sustainably or organically grown. The study proposes a typology matrix that differentiates wineries' involvement in sustainability based on the extent of sustainability practices and sustainability drivers.     

铝冶炼行业主要危险废物的判别分析研究

铝冶炼产业在国民经济和社会发展中具有极其重要的地位和作用,在铝冶炼生产过程中,会产生大量危险废物,如处置不当会造成严重污染。但如何判别危险废物是环境管理中的难点问题,危险废物判别是技术性、专业性很强的工作,本文对铝冶炼业产生危险废物的类型、环节进行了分析,以供环境部门和相关企业作为针对危险废物环境管理的判别依据。     

我国工业危险废物产生特性研究

工业生产是危险废物的主要来源,工业危险废物是世界各国固体废物管理的重要方面.以我国历年环境统计数据为基础,全面分析了我国工业危险废物产生现状和特点.研究了工业危险废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业危险废物区域和行业分布特点、工业危险废物与工业固体废物的关系、工业危险废物产生量与工业产值的关系及工业危险废物产生的变化趋势等.提出今后我国既要重视对传统的石油化工、化学工业和冶金工业等行业产生的危险废物管理,又要重视对高新技术产业和西部资源省份产生工业危险废物的管理.     

Recovery of organic wastes in the Spanish wine industry. Technical,economic and environmental analyses of the composting process

The main organic wastes produced in modern wine industries include grape pomace (62%), lees (14%), stalk (12%) and dewatered sludge (12%). Some of these wastes are being used as by-products (grape pomace and lees) whereas the rest of organic wastes (stalk and wastewater sludge) has been traditionally incinerated or disposed in landfill. In this work, composting is proposed for the recovery of stalk and wastewater sludge to produce a sanitized organic amendment for application in the vineyard, closing the organic matter cycle. The environmental and economical analyses of the different alternatives to manage organic wastes from the wine industry are also presented. Composting costs are almost negligible when compared to other management options. From the environmental point of view, in-situ composting presents the best performance in 8 of the 10 impact categories analysed. Finally, the energy balance shows that the 4 composting systems involved less energy than the systems based on Mineral Fertilizer consumption.     

Industrial hazardous wastes in Finland – trends related to the waste prevention goal

The objective of this study was to analyse one of the goals of the latest National Waste Plan of Finland: the relative reduction of hazardous waste (HW) generation by 15% over the period 1992 to 2005.Official statistics and a national database of the annual reports of HW generators were used as one basis for this study. A case study was focused on a selection of HW classes that were considered to be typical to the metal workshop industry. These HW classes were combined to form functional HW groups for the purpose of forming time series. Trends at the company level were studied by performing interviews and by studying the environmental permit documents of about 50 companies.The total amount of HW reported in Finland increased by 133% over the studied period. Meanwhile the GDP of Finland grew by 74%. This means that thus far no de-coupling of HW generation with economic growth can be verified. However, several changes in the definition and classification of HW and changes in the statistical methods make the figures for the trend analysis unreliable.The waste groups in the metals sector that increased in quantity were: metal finishing wastes such as pickling acids, wastes from painting and lacquering, oily wastes and – more modestly – HW containing cyanide or heavy metals. HW from machining oils and emulsions did not increased significantly and finally, hazardous foundry wastes and HW from adhesives and sealants decreased. The number of registered HW producers has grown strongly, even doubled, in several waste groups, which may explain most of the growth. In addition, the changes in the HW classification apply also to these waste groups. The study of some exceptional anomalies in the data revealed significant coding errors in the waste information database.Interviews of personnel from selected companies from the metals sector indicated that all of them had been taking action to minimize wastes, including HW. However in the national or waste group specific data, this trend towards cleaner production was overshadowed by changes in classification, statistical errors, increased production, improvements in enforcement and also conflicting technical trends, such as increased HW output from wastewater treatment or air pollution control systems.The waste monitoring and reporting system in the industry should be improved to provide data about the specific generation of wastes from specific industrial processes. Such data could then be used in describing the BAT for these processes, as pointed out earlier by other experts.The authors suggest that quantitative HW prevention targets would not be effective in the forthcoming National Waste Plan for Finland and that HW minimization goals should mainly be promoted via sustainable chemicals policy, integrated pollution control and integrated product policy. The goal of minimizing HW generation is not feasible as an independent policy target.     

Flowsheeting-based simulation of recycling concepts in the metal industry

This paper presents a methodology for the planning of integrated recycling concepts taking into account the peculiarities of process engineering in the process industries. Process models for certain unit operations simulated with a flowsheeting program allow to calculate mass and energy balances considering the technical characteristics and performance of a single process or a combined process chain. Based on principles of thermodynamics, this approach allows an assessment of integrated recycling strategies considering techno-economic as well as ecological criteria. The approach is illustrated with an example from the iron and steel making industry where the injection of plastic waste into a blast furnace is investigated.     

危险废物鉴别监测现状、问题及建议研究

危险废物鉴别技术是危险废物监管中重要的技术支撑。现有的危险废物鉴别技术在危险废物监管中发挥了巨大的作用,但在实际鉴别工作中,还存在一些不足。对危险废物鉴别工作现状进行了具体阐述,同时指出了危险废物名录灵活性不够、危废鉴别标准项目待梳理、鉴别时间周期长、采样数大等存在的问题,并针对性提出解决问题的工作建议。     

浅谈危险废物的鉴别与监测

危险废物具有毒害性、易燃性、腐蚀性、反应性、传染性及放射性等一种或几种以上的危害特性,并以其特有的性质对环境产生污染,给人类健康和生态环境造成很大威胁.对中国危险废物的现状作了简要说明,介绍中国现有的危险废物鉴别标准与测定方法、危险废物污染控制标准和监测方法,从中国现行的法律法规对危险废物的定义、现有的危险废物鉴别技术体系以及危险废物监测工作的实际开展状况等三个方面,分析了在危险废物的鉴别与监测工作中存在的问题,提出了解决问题的对策和建议.     

Qualitative evaluation of three ‘environmental management systems’ in the New Zealand wine industry

The wine growing industry is increasingly important to the New Zealand economy and increasingly its marketing is associated with the country's ‘clean and green’ image. Over 60% of New Zealand's wine companies have adopted at least one of three main environmental management systems: Sustainable Winegrowing New Zealand, ISO 14001 and Bio-Gro. We undertook a qualitative, survey based, comparative evaluation of these systems within 15 wine companies. The key findings are that while each system appears to have its own strengths, in general, no one environmental management system is better than the other. However, implementation of an industry specific system, for example SWNZ, in combination with a generic process-based system, for example ISO 14001, aids in the development of a more sustainable wine industry.     

Waste management in semi-urban areas of India: appropriate technological strategies to overcome financial barriers

The public health and environmental pollution problems due to inadequate treatment and inappropriate disposal of liquid and solid wastes generated in small and medium towns (referred to as semi-urban areas) of India receive insufficient attention. A field study of four towns in the State of Tamil Nadu was conducted to evaluate the current waste management practices in such semi-urban areas (SUAs). The study reveals that financial barriers for waste management arise due to a combination of policy and technological constraints. Based on the results of a preliminary waste characterization study and other observations made during the field study, reed bed channels and a semi-mechanized aerobic windrow composting process for the treatment of wastewater and municipal solid wastes, respectively, are recommended as appropriate technological options. The recommended technologies utilize existing arrangements for waste disposal, and aid an integrated resource recovery and reuse strategy that takes advantage of the geographic location and socioeconomic characteristics of SUAs to achieve lower waste management costs. Financial viability of the recommended technological approach is demonstrated through a comparative evaluation of competing treatment systems, and an estimation of costs and recoverable benefits resulting from waste reuse.     

冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征研究

采用资料调查、问卷调查及现场调查相结合的方法,研究了冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征.研究表明冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物的产生主要来源于酸洗、轧制、污水处理等环节,危险废物种类主要是废酸(HW34)、乳化液(HW09)、废矿物油(HW08)、表面处理废物(HW17)等.废酸、表面处理废物是控制企业危废产生量的关键因素,提高酸洗工艺效率、废酸循环利用能从源头上减少危险废物的产生和排放,有效降低危险废物的产生量.     

进口物品固体废物属性鉴别探讨

随着我国经济持续快速发展，各种生产资源需求日益旺盛，在优惠政策的支持下，国外固体废物原料不断进入我国市场，一定程度上弥补了我国生产资源的不足，促进了循环经济的发展。但进口固体废物原料必须符合我国法律规定。我国对固体废物进口的管理非常严格，进口固体废物的管理需要海关、环保、工商、检验检疫等多个部门的密切合作。实际当中，对某些进口物品的固体废物属性需要通过专门的鉴别才能确认，结合一个进口“铅矿砂”的实例，对该物品的固体废物属性进行探讨，提出物品固体废物属性鉴别的基本流程。     

基于资源环境保护的清澜港红树林海岸塑料污染特征

红树林是海洋底栖生物的栖息产卵地和生物基因库,是阻挡陆源污染物入海的生物防线。塑料污染可对海洋生物造成机械伤害、毒理作用,威胁红树林生态系统的健康与稳定。通过野外踏勘和海上作业,在海南岛清澜港红树林海岸采集大塑料垃圾和海水、沉积物、底栖生物样品,采用目视鉴别和体视显微镜、显微傅里叶红外光谱仪鉴定分析研究区资源环境的塑料污染特征及来源。结果表明：大塑料垃圾主要来自于塑料袋和泡沫等生活与渔业垃圾;微塑料有碎片、纤维、线状、薄膜、颗粒和球形六种形态,多为大塑料经日晒和海水动力作用形成的碎片,人造纤维占比最高,为37.91%。研究可为红树林海岸塑料污染管控与综合治理提供决策依据,以实现红树林海岸资源环境有效保护。     

硫酸法钛白粉“三废”治理与利用的研究进展

介绍了硫酸法钛白粉生产工艺和污染物产生环节，详细阐述了生产废气、废液和废渣的特性和种类，从污染物综合治理的角度分析了“三废”治理的技术路线，重点阐述了煅烧尾气、酸解尾气和酸性废水治理措施以及废酸和硫酸亚铁的综合利用情况。     

我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究

详细深入地调查分析了国外危险废物鉴别技术体系的特点和适用条件,以及我国危险废物管理的特点.在借鉴国内外经验与教训的基础上,提出了我国危险废物特性鉴别的技术路线及危险废物鉴别的环境保护目标,建立了危险废物鉴别技术的方法学.在充分研究的基础上,编制完成了全新的<国家危险废物名录>和<危险废物鉴别标准>,以及相应的规范和方法标准.这些技术文件形成了我国独特、完整的危险废物鉴别技术体系,为全面开展危险废物无害化管理提供了有力的技术支持.      

A methodology for the design of efficient resource conservation networks using adaptive swarm intelligence

The implementation of resource conservation schemes in industry can be enhanced through the application of systematic design methodologies. In particular, process integration methods allow resource consumption and waste generation in industrial plants to be reduced through the identification of efficient material reuse/recycle schemes. Various approaches, ranging from graphical pinch analysis to mathematical programming, have been developed by different researchers. Mathematical programming techniques provide considerable flexibility in the representation of network design problems, although in many cases, these approaches result in mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models which are difficult to solve. This paper presents a simplified approach using a zero–one programming or “knapsack” formulation for the design of industrial material reuse/recycle networks. It is possible to solve the resulting model using an efficient heuristic algorithm based on adaptive particle swarm optimization. Two sample applications are provided to illustrate the methodology. The first case shows the application of the methodology to the implementation of industrial water conservation and the second case demonstrates its use in the design of a hydrogen gas reuse/recycle scheme in a refinery.     

Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues

This paper examines the major pollution prevention and Cleaner production (CP) issues in the mining industry. Past problems with pollution has made waste minimization an issue of enormous importance for many mining companies. Since the advent of the first major environmental legislation circa-1970, there has been substantial improvement in environmental performance at the mine sites of these firms, including a reduction in noxious air emissions, a decrease in levels of toxic contaminants in effluent discharges, and a major upgrading in land management. All of these improvements are directly attributed to a corporate abandonment of conventional, end-of-pipe apparatuses, and subsequent integration of cleaner technologies and strategies, including highly efficient environmental equipment, heavily retrofitted control systems, and comprehensive environmental management plans. Although hundreds of mining districts have already benefited from installing systems that foster pollution prevention and CP, in select instances, these have not proven to be realistic waste management remedies. Major barriers, particularly economic, technologic, and legislative ones, have both individually and collectively impeded the implementation of pollution prevention and CP strategies in such cases. Many of these barriers appear insurmountable but improved planning, employee education, and increased government intervention would spell continued success in an industry that has already made enormous strides in the arena of environmental management.     

北京地区电镀项目环境保护验收特点及验收监测关键环节研究

北京市的电镀企业规模小,污染很大。根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求,针对北京市电镀项目环保验收特点,作者总结了此类项目验收的工作重点,提出废水、废气与固体废物并重、污染物浓度排放及总量排放兼顾的实施方案。除此以外,文章还具体介绍了在电镀项目的环保验收中怎样结合环保管理部门的要求,进行废气、废水的现场监测及固体废物处置、环境管理检查等工作。本文不仅能为环境管理部门提供管理、规范电镀行业污染的有效方法,同时,也对电镀企业提高其污染治理和资源综合利用水平指明了方向,大大促进了电镀产业逐渐向环境友好型产业发展,最终实现电镀无害化的发展目标。     

废物管理活动中N_2O产生及排放研究进展

N_2O是一种重要的温室气体,并且对臭氧层有严重的破坏作用,因而在全球气候变化研究中受到广泛关注。随着人类活动的加剧,全球废物排放量呈上升趋势,且废物管理活动中产生的N_2O显著增加了全球温室气体的排放。废物管理活动中N_2O排放源主要包括废水处理、动物粪肥管理及生活垃圾处理处置系统。目前对废物管理活动中N_2O排放缺乏全面认识,文章综述了废物管理活动中N_2O排放机理及产生规律,指出应加强废物管理活动中N_2O减量化方向的研究。