Optimal retrofit of water conservation networks

This paper presents a new general mathematical programming model for the optimal retrofit of material conservation networks considering recycle, reuse and regeneration schemes (notice that most of the previously reported methods only have considered the synthesis case, and nowadays it is very important to have strategies for the retrofit of water networks because several existing water network are functioned under suboptimal conditions because these were synthesized using inefficient approaches or because the process and environmental constraints have changed). The model considers the reconfiguration of existing networks to satisfy stricter process and environmental constraints considering the repiping for the network, the reuse of the existing treatment units, the modification for the capacity and performance of the existing units and the installation of new treatment units to reduce the overall operating cost through the reduction of the use of fresh sources. The objective function accounts for the minimization of the total annual cost associated to the retrofit process. This retrofit process involves simultaneously economic (because the reduction of the fresh sources costs) and environmental (because the reduction of the waste streams discharged to the environment and with a better quality) improvements. The applicability of the proposed model is proved through a set of example problems addressed, where no numerical complications were observed. In addition, the proposed approach is general and it can be applied to any specific case with the information required.     

生态标志和产品的生命周期评价

获得生态标志，是对产品环境性能的肯定，表明其整个生命周期的环境性能达到了特定的要求，消费者也可直接根据生态标志图案购得自己喜好的环境友好产品，生命周期评价是一中评价产品，工艺或活动从原料采掘到生产、运输、分销、使用，回用，维护，循环和最终处置的整个生命周期阶段相关环境负荷的过程，大多数生态标志标准的确定都采用了生命周期的评价的方法，文章对生态标志的概念、发展状况、标准的确定性和生命周期评价等作了简     

An effective technique for wastewater minimisation in batch processes

This paper presents a mathematical formulation for freshwater and wastewater minimisation in multipurpose batch plants. The minimisation of wastewater is achieved through the exploitation of recycle and reuse opportunities. A superstructure that entails all possible recycle and reuse possibilities is used as the basis for the formulation. The existence of an optimal production schedule, which provides starting and finishing times for water using operations, is assumed. The paper addresses the specific case where the contaminant concentration in the outlet water stream from each operation is maintained at its maximum. This condition allows the overall model to be cast as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem for which global optimality is guaranteed. The effectiveness of the developed formulation is demonstrated through a published literature example and a practical case study.     

Integrated water resource management model for process industry in Lithuania

Water resource management has become an important operational and environmental issue. The increasing costs of dependable water supplies and wastewater disposal have increased the economic incentive for implementing technologies that are more environmentally friendly, and that can ensure efficient use of natural resources. A structured “integrated water resources management,” (IWRM) model for water management is presented as a useful tool for research into complex water using production systems in industrial companies. The step-by-step procedure and the consistent relationships between the diagram types allow straightforward implementation of water saving projects. By performing various case studies, it became clear that the IWRM model is applicable to various types of water using industrial companies. Therefore, wastewater reclamation and reuse are effective procedures for more sustainable industrial development programs.     

区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征

为解决我国面临的突出水环境问题,破解经济发展需求与水资源短缺、水环境污染和水生态破坏之间的矛盾,提出区域水资源“介循环”(water meta-cycle)利用模式,系统地阐述了区域水资源介循环利用模式的结构特征、基本特点和目标定位,并通过案例分析了其适用效果. 介循环是一种人工强化生态调控的区域水资源多阶多元循环利用模式. 通过企业、家庭和社区等局部单元内的水循环利用,工业和城市等社会系统尺度内的污水再生处理与直接利用,以及区域层面上再生水的生态媒介循环利用(water natural system-mediated reuse)等,促进不同层阶和不同用途水循环利用的有机衔接与耦合,实现再生水的安全聪巧(safe and smart)利用、区域尺度上水资源的闭环循环利用和趋零排放. 区域水资源介循环利用模式以再生水的生态媒介循环利用为核心,具有闭环趋零、多阶多元、强化调控和复合高效等特点,有望成为区域水资源可持续管理、保障水环境安全的有效模式.      

“三线一单”纳入城市发展战略环评技术体系研究

将生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和环境准入负面清单（即"三线一单"）环境管理要求纳入战略环境评价（SEA）,是完善城市发展SEA的潜在有效手段,然而如何将两者进行有机结合尚缺乏实践经验.本文探讨了"三线一单"在城市发展SEA各主要评价环节的作用与评价内容,从重点任务和技术流程两方面建构了基于"三线一单"的城市发展SEA评价技术体系,并以鄂尔多斯绿色发展SEA为例进行检验.结果显示,对于鄂尔多斯这类空间尺度大、自然环境和产业发展异质性高的城市,该体系能够有效预防和解决战略实施过程中城镇无序扩张和产业结构失调造成的环境污染、生态功能退化和资源配置低效等问题,并推动完善城市分级分区差异化环境管控.     

促进我国电子废物循环利用的政策途径

我国电子废物再生利用过程中产生的环境污染问题已经引起全社会的关注。随着电子产品报废量的不断增加，如何推动电子废物的循环利用，加强再利用过程二次污染的控制是我国当前迫切需要解决的问题。在分析我国电子废物管理法律法规演进特点的基础上，结合发达国家的管理经验，提出了促进电子废物循环利用，控制再利用过程环境风险的政策建议。     

城市污水再生利用途径分析与利用量预测

水资源匮乏与水环境污染是制约经济社会发展的主要瓶颈,提高城市污水资源化水平是解决这一问题的重要途径.文章结合〈城市污水再生利用分类标准〉（GB/T 18919-2002）,深入分析包头市城市污水处理与再生利用现状及存在问题,提出包头市再生水近期应主要回用于城市杂用、工业和景观用水,再生水回用率可达到50%以上,为解决城市污水再生利用提供参考.     

城市污水再生利用途径分析与利用量预测

水资源匮乏与水环境污染是制约经济社会发展的主要瓶颈,提高城市污水资源化水平是解决这一问题的重要途径。文章结合《城市污水再生利用分类标准》（GB／T18919-2002）,深入分析包头市城市污水处理与再生利用现状及存在问题,提出包头市再生水近期应主要回用于城市杂用、工业和景观用水,再生水回用率可达到50％以上,为解决城市污水再生利用提供参考。     

中国西部地区工业固体废物现状调查

西部工业固体废物产生总量从2002年的24309万t增长到2007年的53143万t,年平均增长率为17．4％;排放量逐年降低,但排放强度大,且自2003年起,西部年排放量占全国年排放总量的52％以上;利用率从2002年的40．3％增长到2007年的50．3％,仍低于全国平均水平。西部地区中,贵州、云南和四川资源消耗和污染物排放问题较为严重。只有调整工业结构,发展循环经济才能解决西部资源高消耗、污染物高排放和资源化程度低等问题。     

废水厌氧处理研究前沿和趋势探讨

废水厌氧处理作为一种有竞争力的、经济的、日益成熟的生物处理工艺,是一种集环境保护、能源回收和生态良性循环于一体的技术,具有良好的社会、经济、环境效益,其研究和应用日益受到重视,工程化推广应用极其广泛。本文讨论了废水厌氧反应器的发展历程、厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术、两相生物反应器、高硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理技术,并对目前废水厌氧处理的热点问题及发展趋势进行了展望。     

论培育废物再利用产业的意义和途径

固体废物包括加工过程中产生的和消费以后所产生的,它们不但污染了环境,而且由于其中的绝大多数未能得到再次利用而成为阻断了自然生态系统物质循环的废物．本文依据可持续发展的基本理论（3种生产理论） 进行了分析,指出废物的再利用在人类社会的可持续发展中的重要地位,提出将其作为一个新的产业门类（ 第四产业） 的见解,并对培育该产业的具体做法提出了建议．     

汽车产品回收利用技术及商业循环模式的实现

探讨了汽车产品回收利用技术实现的方案。实现汽车的全生命周期,需要经过汽车整车拆解、汽车零部件分类以及汽车零部件再制造或资源化回收这三大步骤,并对这三项内容加以具体阐述。结合现行报废汽车产业政策,提出了一种实现汽车产品回收的商业循环模式。说明了汽车产品回收再制造信息管理系统的重要性,并介绍了其六项功能。     

北京市再生水相关政策的评估与研究

为缓解城市水资源供需矛盾,回收再利用市政污水日益得到广泛关注.北京市作为最早实践再生水利用的城市之一,其市政污水再利用率已达约60%.为更好地促进北京市再生水的推广与管理,明晰北京市再生水相关政策在发展过程中存在的优势与问题,本文采用环境政策评估、调查问卷、统计分析等方法,对北京市再生水相关政策的目标、政策要素及政策实施效果进行了解析与评估.结果表明,北京市以污水回用为主题的政策仅有3部,随着再生水发展阶段的演进,其目标经历了"处置废水-节约用水-设施建设-推广利用"的调整,再生水行动目标随着政策针对主题和发展阶段不同而表现差异;政策要素的优化改进与时代、社会经济发展程度、对生态环境的重视程度等3个因子息息相关,在顶层设计、功能设置、动机、手段分配等方面欠缺考虑;政策目标的科学化较受认可但其实践完成效果受到质疑,教育程度与收入对调查结果呈显著影响.     

关于我国污水资源化的研究

我国面临着严重的水资源危机,污水资源化把水污染防治与解决水资源短缺相结合,具有开源节流与减轻水污染的双重功能,越来越受到关注。文章主要探讨我国污水资源化中存在的问题并提出相关对策。     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

Game theory approach to the analysis of inter-plant water integration in an eco-industrial park

Industrial water conservation is an important adaptation to the effects of climate change. In addition to water conservation within individual plants, wastewater can be reused/recycled among different companies through inter-plant water integration (IPWI) schemes. Such schemes are based on the concept of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis, and can be used to achieve greater water savings than when water conservation is implemented in individual companies separately. However, in IPWI, each participating company seeks to maximise its own benefits. In the absence of centralised authority dictating the terms of water integration schemes, conventional modelling techniques are not appropriate. This paper shows how a game theory-based approach can be used to analyse the interaction of participating companies in an eco-industrial park seeking to develop an IPWI scheme.     

氟石膏废渣开发建材的探索与实践

利用化工生产排出的氟石膏废渣生产建筑材料,如水泥缓凝剂、抹灰用粉刷石膏、石膏砌块及石膏砖等,技术性能均达到要求,成本大大降低,既解决了环境污染问题,又实现了化工废渣的资源化利用。     

Maximizing sustainability of the Costa Rican coffee industry

The aim of this study was to examine the current coffee production and processing system in Costa Rica in order to maximize its sustainability through cost and risk reductions and identification of new opportunities. A two-year field investigation was performed for assessing resource, energy and water uses, characterizing by-products, and evaluating training, management and industry structure, with the aim of identifying opportunities for the implementation of Cleaner Production (CP) and industrial ecology (IE) strategies. The application of industrial ecology has been implemented in a piecemeal fashion and has not, therefore, been widely accepted by the industry at large. The broader coffee production system in Costa Rica does not encourage the practice of environmentally sustainable methods within production or processing, and does not encourage the exploration of niche markets that reward high-valued coffee in terms of quality or socio-environmental consciousness. Changes in industrial throughput, operational design, and management attitudes are needed to ensure sustainability within the industry. A number of opportunities for maximizing the sustainability of the coffee industry exist through: (a) strategic application of Cleaner Production, (b) effective use of resources, (c) alternative use of by-products, (d) efficient operational design, (e) training, (f) introduction of basic environmental management concepts, and (g) changes to industry structure. The paucity of data regarding research into the specific barriers to innovations within the coffee industry requires investigation. The specific barriers to the application of environmental innovations need to be identified and understood. This must include the social, cultural and institutional aspects governing the industry in addition to the technical and economic aspects normally addressed.     

Applying ecosystem concepts to the planning of industrial areas: a case study of Singapore’s Jurong Island

The application of ecological concepts to the industrial setting has been touched upon by literature across several disciplines. Two emerging ecological planning approaches, landscape ecology and industrial ecology, are applied here to look at alternative ways of planning industrial parks. As an emerging field, landscape ecology provides different viewpoints from the traditional approach of natural conservation, which mainly focuses on the protection of nature. The approach of landscape ecology regards the environment as a land mosaic, a mixture of natural and urban environment, which concerns a manageable human-scale environment across one or two human generations. Industrial ecology, on the other hand, goes beyond the traditional “end of pipe” idea of pollution control and learns from the ecosystem concept. The current paper is an attempt to reconcile these two fields as an integrated approach to the planning of industrial areas. Using a case study of Singapore’s Jurong Island industrial park, two fundamental issues behind the idea of landscape ecology and industrial ecology are raised. If raw materials, energy and by-products are more easily replaced or reused by technology and management, then research on industrial ecology and related knowledge will be crucial for developing natural resource substitution by innovative technology and new ways of environmental management. Where it is difficult to substitute natural resources, the skills of planning and managing natural resources will take priority over other strategies. In this situation, the knowledge of landscape ecology needs to be applied to the prediction, design and evaluation of ecologically optimum resource uses, patterns and processes in the mixture of natural, urban and industrial environment. A new concept, “nurtured landscape”, is proposed for mediating between the natural ecosystem and the urban/industrial environment. The nurtured landscape provides a basis for the development of new ecological technology using landscape to ameliorate the polluting effects of the urban/industrial neighbourhood. The planning of Singapore’s Jurong Island industrial park provides a test of applying the principles of landscape ecology and industrial ecology to the possible transformation of an industrial area.