生命周期评价方法及其进展

生命周期评价方法在国外的 发展已近３０年，正成为企业和政府环境管理的工具。国外许多生态标志标准的确定，采用的都是生命周期评价方法，它还是国际标准化组织ＩＳＯ１４００系列标准的重要内容，我国对生命周期评价方法的认识和研究才刚刚开始，该文对生命周平价方法的技术框架，应用和存在的不足等作了简要论述。     

环境标志

环境标志，又称生态标志、绿色标志、环境标签等，它是由政府环境管理部门依据有关的法规、标准向一些商品颁发的一种张贴在产品上的图形，用以标识该产品从生产到使用以及回收的整个过程都符合规定的环境保护要求，对生态环境无害或危害极小，并易于资源的回收和再生利用。环境标志产品的范围主要是那些对人类和环境有危害、但采取适当措施后就可以减小或消除危害的产品。     

生命周期评价在工农业生产中的应用研究

生命周期评价是指产品在整个生命周期中对环境的影响、对物质和能源的投入、产出进行汇集、测定的系统方法。从产品生命周期评价的发展过程和技术框架入手,对生命周期评价的意义以及工农业生产中的应用进行探讨,着重阐述了生命周期评价在农业生产、环保工艺、节能减排、清洁生产和环境管理中的应用。并认为生命周期评价应广泛用于环境治理领域,这是解决社会生产发展和环境污染之间矛盾的主要手段。     

生命周期评价

国际标准化组织对生命周期评价(LCA)的定义是:汇总和评价一个产品(或服务)体系在其整个生命周期间的所有投入及产出对环境造成的和潜在的影响的方法。 LCA是一种评价产品、工艺或活动从原材料采集,到产品生产、运输、销售、使用、回用、维护和最终处置整个生命周期阶段有关的环境负荷的过程。它首先辨识和     

生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用

环境标志说明产品在其整个生命周期中的环境表现满足一定的要求。生命周期评价技术被许多国家作为认证环境标志产品的工具。文章介绍了生命周期评价的定义和框架，以及简式生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用。在分析简式生命周期矩阵不足的基础上，提出了用于评价环境标志产品的改进生命周期矩阵。最后，探讨了生命周期矩阵在其它领域的应用。     

介孔MnO_2催化剂的生命周期评价

生命周期评价能对产品生产全过程所涉及的环境问题进行评价,是筛选和开发高效、成本低、环境性能好的产品的重要支持工具。基于生命周期法对介孔MnO_2催化剂产品生命周期的资源消耗和污染物排放数据进行了环境影响评价,结果表明:生产1 t介孔MnO_2催化剂所需资源是人均资源消耗量的68.44倍;介孔MnO_2生命周期的主要环境影响类型为化石燃料的消耗、气候变化、酸化、人体健康和颗粒物的生成;介孔MnO_2生命周期产生的污染物中95%是电能消耗产生的,因此,要降低整个生命周期环境影响,需适当改进生产工艺,使用低电耗设备。     

《上海环境科学》1999年总目录

栏目题 目作者N0专论知识经济与环境保护吕淑萍环境管理关于温室气体限排目标的确定(巴西提案)中国可持续发展指标体系研究进展生态标志和产品的生命周期评价水污染流域管理的立法思考城市或区域建立环境管理体系的探讨浅议城市发展规划中环境与经济的协调离子膜法固体氢氧化钾的清洁生产工艺评价耕地资源的可持续发展探讨关于发展环保信息产业的若干思考环境数据库中的知识发现环境质量与经济增长的库兹尼茨关系探讨工业建设项目清洁生产评价若干问题探讨战略环境评价的工作程序日本大气和水污染物排放标准探析论环境外交的发展趋势和特点…     

第三讲 生命周期设计与管理

在第一讲、第二讲中介绍了产品环境化设计的发展历程和生命周期法及产品系统的概念等内容,在第三讲和第四讲中将继续介绍生命周期设计与管理和生命周期评价的内容。生命周期设计是生命周期概念在产品开发过程设计阶段的应用,生命周期评价则可以用来评价一个产品整个生命周期的环境影响。——编者     

瓦楞纸箱全生命周期环境影响评价研究

分析了瓦楞纸箱从原材料生产、产品加工到使用后的废物处置整个全生命周期的物耗、能耗及向环境中的排放;根据ISO14040系列标准制定的技术框架,建立了全生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)模型,采用Eco-indicator 99方法,对瓦楞纸箱进行了整体和基于流程的全生命周期环境影响分析,得出其全生命周期和原料生产、产品加工、废物管理3个流程的主要环境影响类型和对应指标值,以及造成各流程主要环境影响类型的原因.为改善瓦楞纸箱的环境性能,针对其设计、生产加工、使用、废物处理等方面提出了改进建议;并对全生命周期环境影响评价研究中存在的不足进行了总结.      

生态产品生命周期设计概念框架

生态产品是从原材料采掘到产品制造、运销、使用和最终报废处理整个生命周期总环境影响最小的产品，而生命周期设计是实现产品环境影响最小化和污染预防的最好方式之一。生态产品的开发，应从设计开始，生态产品生命周期设计的概念是一种基于产品系统的设计方法；其设计步骤有确定系统边界、环境现状评价、设计要求分析、各要求优先排序与协调，设计对策、设计方案评价等几个方面，随着ＩＳＯ１４０００体系的全面建立，产品生命周期     

Manufacturing actor’s LCA

Modern industrial environmental management encompasses life-cycle thinking. This entails considering not only the emissions and resource use of the company’s production processes, but also the environmental consequences of all processes related to a product’s life cycle. However, no single actor can influence the whole life cycle of a product. To be effective, analysis methods intended to support improvement actions should therefore also consider the decision makers’ power to influence.Regarding the life cycle of a product, there are at least as many perspectives on life-cycle thinking as there are actors. This paper presents an approach with which manufacturing decision makers can sharpen the focus in life-cycle assessment (LCA) from a conventional ‘products or services’ emphasis to a company’s manufacturing processes. The method has been developed by combining knowledge gained from earlier LCA studies with new empirical findings from an LCA study of an SKF manufacturing line.We demonstrate how system boundaries and functional units in an LCA can be defined when adding the perspective of a manufacturing decision maker to the product life-cycle perspective. Such analysis helps manufacturing decision makers identify improvement potentials in their spheres of influence, by focusing on the environmental consequences of energy and material losses in manufacturing rather than merely accounting for the contributions of individual stages of the life cycle to the overall environmental impact. The method identifies and directly relates the environmental consequences of emissions or raw material inputs in the product life cycle to manufacturing processes. In doing so, the holistic systems perspective in LCA is somewhat diminished in favor of the relevance of results to manufacturing decision makers.     

Comparing LCA results out of competing products: developing reference ranges from a product family approach

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has proven useful in comparing the environmental impact of alternatives, life-cycle phases or parts in a product. To date, benchmarking a new product with previous environmental information entails a degree of subjectivity. This paper presents LCP-families, a concept to develop reference ranges for environmental impact of a new product. A new product can be catalogued as environmentally better or worse than a percentage of its competitors, depending on what position it occupies in its LCP-family. Three case studies of packaging products are carried out to show the applicability and usefulness of the concepts presented.     

生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

鼓励环境标志产品出口政策设计

环境标志产品在生产过程中严格执行相应的环境标准,与非环境标志产品相比,其节能减排效果显著,且未来潜力巨大。目前我国环境标志产品发展支持政策不足,尤其缺乏鼓励环境标志产品出口政策。为此建议:一是将简化环境标志产品出口行政手续;二是加快中国环境标志产品与他国环境标志的互认;三是实施增值税差别出口退税税率和优先办理出口退税的政策;四是对获得环境标志产品认证的企业实施更加灵活的税收扶持政策;五是通过环境标志产品互惠关税减免条款提高我国环境标志产品的国际竞争力;六是实施进口环节增值税减免政策;七是充分运用进出口银行的出口信贷政策;八是实施中小企业环境标志产品出口"绿色补贴";九是建立环境标志产品的外贸发展基金或环境标志产品发展专项资金;十是鼓励环境标志认证机构竞争发展。     

The value of adding design-for-the-environment to pollution prevention assistance options

The design stage of product development, recognized as key for determining costs and profitability, is also an unparalleled window of opportunity to champion the environment. During this early stage key materials, process, and energy source decisions determine the environmental impacts of a product for its entire life cycle. Integration of environmental factors into design is an emerging trend known as design-for-the-environment (DfE), ecodesign, or life-cycle design. From this perspective, designers gain inherent drivers for optimizing design and efficient use of resources. The intent of this article is to inspire expansion of pollution prevention assistance portfolio options to include DfE.     

Relating manufacturing system configuration to life-cycle environmental performance: discrete-event simulation supplemented with LCA

To meet the increasing need for practical life-cycle thinking in manufacturing, this paper proposes a method that includes the life-cycle perspective in manufacturing decision making. This method combines discrete-event simulation (DES) – commonly used for the conceptual evaluation of manufacturing systems – with life-cycle assessment (LCA). This combination captures the dynamic interrelationships between manufacturing processes in order to analyse systemic responses to configuration changes, something static LCA modelling cannot do. The method evolved when a bearing production line at SKF was being examined to relate manufacturing decision making to environmental consequences. This was done using DES to investigate how parameters normally used to optimize traditional manufacturing system performance influence energy use and material losses in manufacturing systems. The environmental consequences of this material loss and energy use are further calculated using LCA methodology. Results indicate that while the combination of the two methods increases the data collection workload, it uncovers previously hidden environmental consequences of manufacturing decision making and introduces a way to assess an industrial actor’s manufacturing system using relevant LCA scenarios.     

Does the potential of the use of LCA match the design team needs?

Today, most people involved in the industrial engineering community (consultants, manufacturers, researchers and institutional actors) assert that Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most successful tool to assess environmental considerations in the product design process. This assertion is addressed in this article through a simultaneous check of the potential of this tool and the environmental needs of the design team. After a comparison of this potential to these needs, the following assertions may be made: (1) LCA is not an adequate tool for the designer, because its utility in the design process is limited to an analysis of existing products or well defined products at the final stages of the design process, and (2) LCA is not useful in creating a learning dynamic (awareness) within the company, because it does not improve the legitimacy or the credibility of environmental considerations. Moreover, it may generate confusion within the design team while restricting the capacity for innovation within the company. This paper concludes that, in the product design field, the LCA tool should be considered as a specialized tool handled by a specific player (the environmental actor) and should be dedicated to the strategic evaluation of new concepts.     

中外环境标志的比较

对我国及发达国家的环境标志,在产品的遴选,标志产品的认证．标准的制订和标志产品的市场效果等方面进行比较：从供需角度分析我国环境标志取得的成绩,存在的问题及其原因;对照国外的经验,就如何完善我国的环境标志,如何使其与环境管理体系和清洁生产审计相协调,共同促进可持续发展提出了建议。     

Every product casts a shadow: but can we see it,and can we act on it?

This article presents a conceptual exploration of the use of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) in environmental product policy. Environmental LCA is a scientific technique for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product, process or activity along its physical life cycle, i.e. from raw materials extraction to the disposal of released materials to nature. The utilization of LCA in environmental policy is evaluated here with the use of concepts from the research tradition of social studies of science and technology (SST). Three different ways of using LCA are identified: a definitive approach, a conceptual approach and a facilitative approach. Examples of each approach are presented and discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are analyzed, leading to the tentative conclusion that LCA works better as a conceptual or facilitative instrument than as a tool for gaining definitive support for specific policies. Finally, LCA is discussed as an illustration of the problems inherent in the current cause-oriented, integrative trend in environmental policy.