Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征

为解决我国面临的突出水环境问题,破解经济发展需求与水资源短缺、水环境污染和水生态破坏之间的矛盾,提出区域水资源“介循环”(water meta-cycle)利用模式,系统地阐述了区域水资源介循环利用模式的结构特征、基本特点和目标定位,并通过案例分析了其适用效果. 介循环是一种人工强化生态调控的区域水资源多阶多元循环利用模式. 通过企业、家庭和社区等局部单元内的水循环利用,工业和城市等社会系统尺度内的污水再生处理与直接利用,以及区域层面上再生水的生态媒介循环利用(water natural system-mediated reuse)等,促进不同层阶和不同用途水循环利用的有机衔接与耦合,实现再生水的安全聪巧(safe and smart)利用、区域尺度上水资源的闭环循环利用和趋零排放. 区域水资源介循环利用模式以再生水的生态媒介循环利用为核心,具有闭环趋零、多阶多元、强化调控和复合高效等特点,有望成为区域水资源可持续管理、保障水环境安全的有效模式.      

保护淡水资源实现可持续发展

世界正面临水资源危机，合理开发和利用水资源，树立节水意识，遏制生活废水和工业废水对水体日益加剧的污染，已成为当前迫切需要解决的问题。石化工业是用水大户，也是废水排放大户，因此必须要提高节水意识，强化污水处理，推广清洁工艺，为保护水资源作贡献     

城市污水回用及其途径研究

随着经济的快速发展,城市的发展步伐越来越快,居民对生活质量水平要求急剧增高,这就导致了工业、居民用水量大幅度增大,工业废水和城市污水排放量逐渐增加,城市的水资源质量受到污染、水资源短缺,对生活环境带来了较大的负面影响.因此,城市污水管理工作日益重要起来,对于城市污水的处理,利用现代化技术提高回用效率是关键,但现阶段城市污水的回用中还存在一些问题.研究针对城市污水的回用及其途径技术进行研究,并对其中的问题提出建议.     

基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的铁岭市工业废水排放量预测

建立铁岭市工业废水排放量预测模型,预测2010～2015年铁岭市工业废水排放量.根据工业废水排放量数据序列特征,将灰色系统理论GM(1 ,1) 模型的建模方法用于构建铁岭市工业废水排放量预测模型,并用GM(1 ,1)残差模型对模型进行修正.利用1999～2007年铁岭市工业废水排放量原始数据与预测数据比较分析,误差较小...     

Cleaner production in Danish fish processing – experiences,status and possible future strategies

Danish fish processing industry has been one of the pioneers regarding implementation of cleaner production and environmental management systems. This article describes the experiences with cleaner production (CP) among leading Danish industries producing pickled herring and canned mackerel. The article emphasizes two case studies of ‘first mover’ companies, but data from other ‘proactive’ companies are also included.The article provides an overview of different types of CP solutions, improvement potentials, synergistic effects and possible trade-offs. The development of the applied solutions from the late 1980s until today are analysed and recommendations to future strategies at company level and policy level are provided.It is concluded that significant environmental improvements have been obtained for the analysed companies – especially concerning reductions in water consumption, wastewater emissions, and utilisation of fish ‘waste’ for valuable by-products. Still, more focus could be placed on the reduction of energy consumption, change of packaging types, and environmental impacts in other stages of the products life cycle.Authorities and companies have mainly focused on on-site reductions of wastewater emissions, but life cycle assessments show that more attention should be given to the reductions of environmental impacts in other parts of the product chain, e.g. fishing operations and transport as well.     

排污权交易中COD的分类及交易匹配研究

排污权交易主要以工业废水为主。本课题具体研究各行业的污水的COD的分类,根据我国工业分布状况,分析我国主要的工业类型,研究各类工业废水特点,分析各类废水COD的性质差异,并进行交易可能性的比对,总结出各行业间排污权交易的匹配方案。为今后我国的排污权交易市场的成功建立提供技术上的支持。     

Conflicts and security in integrated water resources management

Water sector reforms based on the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) are criticized for not considering context, local realities or legitimacy during the implementation of water sector reforms. Universal remedies of IWRM can thus lead to resistance, conflicts and ultimately failures of interventions. This paper examines how conflicts and disharmony can be addressed by IWRM's instruments. It conceptualizes institutional security as a highly relevant issue to be addressed during water management interventions. Further, the paper advocates a reform of the holistic concept of IWRM to incorporate ‘peace and security’ as a new pillar of water management based on a broad understanding of societal goals that are embedded in the principles of good governance and sustainable development. It also reviews recent criticism of and debates in IWRM and explains the advantages of expanding the normative idea behind it.     

Environmental profile of textile wet processing in Finland

This study was carried out in major Finnish textile companies in order to create an environmental impact profile for wet processing in Finland as a part of drafting the Best Available Technique (BAT) Reference documents for the European IPPC Bureau. System boundaries were defined for alternative process technologies to be used in BAT definitions. The use of resources and process emissions is, however, monitored for the whole wet processing only in the companies under study. No remarkable differences in energy and water consumption between continuous and batch wet processing could be measured; the lowest dyeing liquor ratios were reported on jet machines and the highest on winch dyeing machines. Dyestuff consumption depends on the colour shade required; some dyes have, however, low fixation rates, such as reactive and sulphur dyes, only 60% on average. About 20% of the process liquor containing unfixed dyestuffs and auxiliaries end up in sewage treatment plants. These chemicals are not recovered and reused in the companies under study. All industrial plants in Finland discharge their wastewater to municipal sewage treatment plants, which carry out wastewater analysis and control. All textile plants, which use more than 50 tonnes of organic solvents per year, are under official off-gas control in Finland.     

Policy integration for adaptive water governance: Learning from Scotland's experience

This paper contributes to on-going attempts at bringing together two influential ideas in water governance: Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and adaptive governance. In particular, a tension remains between the call in IWRM for the use of formal institutions, such as river basin organisations, to secure public policy integration, and the assumptions in adaptive governance in favour of informal collaboration between essentially independent policy actors. To clarify this relationship, this article draws on theoretical research on public policy integration, and uses these insights in an empirical setting to identify mechanisms that can facilitate effective policy integration for adaptive water governance. The research is based on recent attempts in Scotland to implement IWRM ideas to improve flood management. Several governance mechanisms were adopted to facilitate the integration of flood, water and rural land use policies. Six Scottish policy regimes are analysed using documentary sources and interviews. Results challenge the idea that collaboration should primarily be built on either river basin organisations or informal mechanisms. We identify a mix of informal and statutory-based mechanisms which may secure political and technocratic commitment to policy integration.     

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations: A case study of Macau

Integrated urban water management (IUWM) is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macau, where 98% of the raw water comes from mainland China. In Macau, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macau can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies (wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving). We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macau in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macau reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macau water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.     

天津市城市生态系统与污染综合防治的研究

天津市城市生态系统与污染综合防治的研究,以城市生态系统的理论为指导,应用经济生态学、系统工程的研究方法,通过环境及社会调查、大规模的野外试验、实验模拟与数学模拟,系统地揭示了天津市城市生态系统的现状及其规律;揭示了系统中经济发展、资源利用、环境污染三个子系统间的关系,为制定城市总体规划、城市经济发展规划、城市环境保护规划,为保持天津市城市生态系统的良性循环提供了科学的决策依据;建立了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益统一的、系统的环境综合防治模型和环境综合整治规划;发展了一系列的环境管理实用技术和多项环境     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.      

Game theory approach to the analysis of inter-plant water integration in an eco-industrial park

Industrial water conservation is an important adaptation to the effects of climate change. In addition to water conservation within individual plants, wastewater can be reused/recycled among different companies through inter-plant water integration (IPWI) schemes. Such schemes are based on the concept of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis, and can be used to achieve greater water savings than when water conservation is implemented in individual companies separately. However, in IPWI, each participating company seeks to maximise its own benefits. In the absence of centralised authority dictating the terms of water integration schemes, conventional modelling techniques are not appropriate. This paper shows how a game theory-based approach can be used to analyse the interaction of participating companies in an eco-industrial park seeking to develop an IPWI scheme.     

城市废水资源化面临的挑战及其对策

城市废水资源化对于缺水城市或水资源污染严重的城市具有十分重要的意义。本文论述了当前城市废水资源化实践中面临的发展战略、立法、评价体系、水质标准、处理技术、设施建设、管理水平、公众态度等方面的障碍和挑战，提出了加强制定有关城市废水资源化的法规和政策、制定合理的回用水水质标准和规范、加强宣传教育、发展运行稳定且高效低耗的废水处理工艺以及将废水资源纳入整体的水资源管理体系等对策和建议。     

洋浦经济开发区的水资源及其环境功能分区研究

分析、总结了洋浦经济开发区的水资源特点,其可供水源有地下水、区外水库引水。沿岸海水是开发区十分重要的污染物接纳体、环境承载体和生态稳定体。根据对开发区环境和经济发展的调研,提出了沿岸水环境的优化空间布局与合理的功能分区水资源保护思路     

中国水资源利用效率俱乐部趋同的检验、测度及解释：2003—2015年

论文基于Quah（1997）的分布动态学分析框架,采用扩展的Markov链和空间Markov链模型对我国大陆31省份2003—2015年间总用水、农业用水及工业用水效率的俱乐部趋同现象展开研究。首先对3类用水效率的俱乐部趋同现象进行检验,随后基于构造的俱乐部趋同指数对俱乐部趋同程度进行测算,最后从空间角度对俱乐部趋同现象进行了解释。研究发现：1）3类用水效率都存在着俱乐部趋同的现象,随着时间的积累,这种现象会有所缓解,但依然明显。例如工业用水效率低水平和高水平地区在5 a后仍分别处于低水平和高水平的概率高达0.808和0.918,可见我国区域水资源利用效率的协调力度亟待加强。2）工业用水效率整体的俱乐部趋同程度最高,其次是总用水效率,农业用水效率最小。我国地区间工业用水效率差异的固化程度最严重,部分地区长期维持在低水平,陷入了“低水平陷阱”,应引起政府的重视。3）水资源利用效率的俱乐部趋同现象受空间因素的影响。一方面,不同用水效率的邻近地区对本地区用水效率的变化存在一定影响,高水平的邻近地区有积极影响,低水平的邻近地区有消极影响;另一方面,高低水平俱乐部的空间分布存在着集聚特征,因此俱乐部内部会产生空间溢出效应。但高水平俱乐部内的正溢出作用远大于低水平俱乐部,这使得高低水平俱乐部之间差异进一步拉大,从而促进了俱乐部趋同现象的发生。这在我国工业用水效率的俱乐部趋同中尤其明显。     

Outline and management of industrial wastewater in China

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制浆造纸工业废水达标可行性研究

2008年6月颁布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544-2008)与原标准(GB 3544-2001)相比,增加了控制排放的污染物项目,污染物排放控制要求也大幅提高,传统的废水二级生化处理工艺已不能满足新标准要求。文章通过梳理和分析调研及现场监测的资料和数据,提出目前制浆造纸企业通过有效的技术改造和升级,增加废水三级深度处理流程,在加强管理的情况下可以实现废水稳定达标排放。但不可避免会增加企业建设和运营成本,大中型制浆造纸企业尚可接受,对小型企业的冲击则相对较大。同时提出目前制浆造纸企业废水处理仍存在一些技术和管理方面的问题,尚需通过制定技术规范、强化环境监管、深入开展相关基础研究等多方面对策,优化制浆造纸行业结构调整,确保行业污染物减排。     

印染集中区水网络优化研究

耗水量大、水环境污染严重是印染集中区的一个突出问题.本文建立水网络数学模型,对印染集中区用水排水网络进行系统规划,该模型以集中区总成本最低为目标函数,模拟了以多级组合工艺为特点的污水处理设施数学模型.运用该模型对东北某印染集中区水网络进行设计和优化改进,在保证废水达标排放、成本最低的条件下,构建了企业内及企业间最佳回用网络,确定了污水处理设施工艺最优方案,并明确各级处理工艺中不同品质的处理水回用集中区企业的最优途径,为集中区内污水处理设施提标改造计划提供参考.研究结果表明：该模型在工业集中区或工业园用水规划及废水减量方面具有实用价值和较好的应用前景.