突发环境污染事件对湖泊浮游动物的影响

中国北方某地空难对某湖泊浮游动物的种类、群落结构、优势种和个体密度及其空间分布产生了重要影响.基于浮游动物的水质生物学评价显示:①该湖泊有浮游动物24种,其中原生动物9种,优势种为累枝虫;轮虫7种,优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫;枝角类4种,优势种为直额裸腹;桡足类4种,优势种为直刺北镖水蚤;浮游动物优势种多为α-中污带或β-中污带的指示种类和富营养化指示种类. ②浮游动物个体密度(4 770 L-1)较小且分布不均匀,空难事故发生地及其附近区域的种类数和个体密度均为最低值,桡足类在其中4个样点没有出现. ③浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略高于1,结合浮游动物个体密度、群落结构、优势门类和种类,可以认为该湖泊水体污染和富营养化程度比较严重,这一结果与该湖泊水质理化评价结果(1.030 5)基本一致.      

浅谈太湖水污染与防治

本文通过对近几年的水质监测资料分析，太湖大部分水域水质已不能符合地面水Ⅲ类标准，以中－富营养和富营养型水体为主，近几年来富营养化程度在加剧，范围仍在扩大。通过对太湖富营养化原因以及水质污染成因分析，提出了太湖水污染防治措施。     

乌梁素海水污染与水生生物学研究

本文研究了乌梁素海水化学特点对水生生物区系的影响,生物区系特点与湖泊富营养化的问题。 发现湖泊中浮游植物87种,浮游动物64种,底栖动物12种。其中富营养型的生物种类占绝对优势,浮游植物群落结构为绿藻+兰藻+硅藻型,而兰藻为优势种,占各站优势种和次优势种属的46％;浮游动物中轮虫和原生动物合计占73％;底栖动物中羽摇蚊在十个站点中有六个的数量占90％以上。同时,湖水中营养成分N、P含量丰富,总磷和三氮的含量均已超出或接近日本规定的富营养化标准,表明湖泊已富营养化。 但是,BOD、DO、pH、矿化度、钾离子量和一价离子与二价阳离子数量的比例,可能尚不是湖中限制因子,故湖泊富营养化未达到严重的程度。      

嵊泗列岛养殖区海域水环境与养殖

嵊泗养殖海区具有适合于水产品生长的温度、ＰＨ、透明度、盐度等自然条件，有较高的溶解氧、丰富的溶解无机氮和磷，有密度较高的浮游植物和微小型浮游动物作为饵料基础，是理想的海水养殖区。但此区水体已进入富营养化类型，周用测定结果有６１．５４％站次富营养化指数≥１。按水质指数有３５．９０％站次属中到重污染。此区又是赤潮多发区，赤潮发生其及前后期水质有明显变化，富营养化指数增高２－１０倍，水质指数均属中至重污     

基于水质与浮游生物调查的汉石桥湿地富营养化评价

基于水质与浮游生物的综合调查与评价,可准确判断湿地的富营养化状况.本文以汉石桥湿地为研究对象,设置7个采样点,开展了水质、浮游植物、浮游动物分类监测与调查,并利用营养状态指数法、浮游植物评价法和浮游动物评价法3种方法,评价了水体富营养化状态,比较了各种方法的结果差异.结果表明,3种评价方法的评价结果在时空变化上具有较高的一致性,均显示非核心区富营养化程度较低,核心区富营养化水平较高;各月份相比,10月湿地的富营养化程度较低,6—8月富营养化程度较高.浮游植物和浮游动物评价法所得湿地富营养化程度较营养状态指数法略高,主要表现在4、10月的非核心区评价中.综合水质、浮游植物与浮游动物进行富营养化评价,可得到更为准确的评价结果.     

汾河着生硅藻种间关联和相关分析

通过对汾河12个采样点，21个优势种的关联和相关分析，它们中66％呈正相关，根据spearman秩相关系数计算结果．21个优势种可被分为4个生态种组，分别指示不同的环境条件。眼斑小环藻等可成为清洁水体的优势种；微小异极藻、谷皮菱形藻等为多污带指示生物，且耐污性强，亚平滑曲壳藻、冬季等片藻等种为α-中污带指示生物，具一定的耐污性；箱形桥弯藻、尖针杆藻等为β-中污带和清洁带的指示生物，对污染敏感。     

五台山清水河着生硅藻种间关联和相关分析

通过对五台山清水河 1 5个采样点 ,2 3个优势种的关联和相关分析 ,它们中 73 %呈正相关 ,根据Spearman秩相关系数计算结果 ,2 3个优势种可被分为 3个生态种组 ,分别指示不同的环境条件。环状扇形藻、冬季等片藻、纤细桥弯藻等是寡污带的指示生物 ,耐污性差 ,生长于清洁的环境中 ;蓝色双眉藻、近缘桥弯藻、三点舟形藻等为 β-中污带的批示生物 ,但耐污力差 ,生态幅窄 ,是轻污水体的良好指示生物 ;扭曲小环藻、卵圆双眉藻、短小曲壳藻主要分布在为α 中污和 β 中污带 ,耐污力强 ,生态幅广     

用浮游及底栖动物的种群结构和数量分布评价河水水质的研究

本文根据浮游及底栖动物的种群结构和数量分布特点，对秦皇岛护城河水质进行了初步评价，生物监测技术方法可行、简单直观，与化学监测的结果基本一致，从６个采样点的综合评价结果看，该河段基本上属于中污－－重污染区。     

惠州西湖水生态系统初步调查

惠州西湖属于城市浅水型湖泊，通过连续1个年度对惠州西湖5个子湖水环境、浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物及鱼类的调查分析，研究发现治理后的惠州西湖仍处于富营养化状态，水生生态系统结构简单，初级生产者只有藻类无水生植物，浮游动物、底栖动物种类少，鱼类单一，生态系统处于非健康状态。近年对西湖采取了开辟新水源、环湖生活污水截污、底泥疏浚等工程技术措施，治理措施的生态效果不明显，文章反思了治理措施的不足，认为应加强对城市浅水湖泊系统机理的研究，为湖泊的生态恢复提供理论和技术支持。     

抚顺市大中型水库水质富营养化现状及防治对策

对抚顺市五座水库的水体营养状态进行了评价，结果表明，有3座水库处于不同程度的中营养型，有2座水库处于不同程度的轻富营养型。分析认为水库富营养化受水库周围居民生活及集雨区内径流入库的氮磷量影响。并针对水库富营养化的机制及发展变化趋势，提出了水库富营养化的具体治理办法及促进库区经济、社会协调发展的有效途径。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.