连云港市PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析研究

主要利用连云港市环境监测中心站的大气环境自动监测平台的监测数据,对PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征以及与气象要素的关系分析。结果表明,连云港市的PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征基本上有明显的夏季与非夏季两种季节性特征。在夏季,PM2.5污染程度较轻,而在非夏季,PM2.5污染程度较重;风速与PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线几乎是负相关的。当风速大的时候,利于污染物的扩散;而风速小的时候,容易使得污染物浓度变大;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与温度的关系几乎呈现的是正相关性。气温的变化不总是反映空气质量的好坏情况,而逆温却易使污染物浓度升高;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与相对湿度的关系呈现的是正相关性;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与气压的关系在总体是呈负相关的。     

沙尘暴期间莫高窟大气颗粒物变化及影响因素

为有效预防突发沙尘暴天气下大气颗粒物对世界文化遗产地敦煌莫高窟壁画及彩塑的污染,文章选取了第138窟内、72窟前及九层楼顶3处监测点,探讨了大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素。结果表明:72窟前平均风速为1.57 m/s,小于起沙风速,九层楼顶平均风速为10.66 m/s,大于起沙风速,占比为98.50%,主风向为东北偏东,占比为39.85%。九层楼顶颗粒物质量浓度比其他监测点更快达到最大值。第138窟内、72窟前PM2.5日均质量浓度为(43.82±15.51)、(59.85±29.78)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0.25、0.71,九层楼顶PM2.5超出仪器上限。第138窟内、72窟前、九层楼顶PM10日均质量浓度为(58.60±21.36)、(74.43±36.52)、(3 725.41±203.41)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0.17、0.49、73.51;TSP日均质量浓度为(80.15±29.02)、(102.33±48.22)、(5 593.68±707.98)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0、0、45.61。各监测点输送颗粒物的主要风向为ENE、NE、E和N、NNE。颗粒物质量浓度与气温、气压呈负相关,与风速呈正相关,除72窟前PM2.5外,其他颗粒物质量浓度与空气相对湿度呈负相关。     

天津污染天气边界层温度层结变化特征及预报阈值确定

针对天津市大气污染防治需求,基于2016年4月1日—2017年3月31日天津255 m气象塔观测资料及数值模拟,开展天津地区污染天气边界层温度层结变化特征及预报阈值研究.结果表明:(1)天津地区10~250 m高度的气温递减率为0.56℃/100 m,当日均气温递减率小于0.4℃/100 m时,垂直扩散条件不利于大气污染物扩散,出现中度以上污染概率为64%,重污染概率为47%.从温度廓线和逆温频率统计分析,贴地逆温占所有逆温的55%,除贴地逆温以外逆温底部最易出现在160 m的高度,大量脱地逆温的出现不利于高架源夜间的排放.(2)每年10月—次年2月天津逆温频率为20%,冬季需要关注逆温情况对大气污染物扩散的影响.如秋、冬季8:00逆温仍然存在,重污染天气出现概率高达56%,中度及以上污染出现概率为72%,是重污染天气辨识的重要指标.(3)7:00—10:00在逆温消散或者日均气温递减率由0.6℃/100 m向0.4℃/100 m变化时,任何细微变化对大气垂直扩散有显著影响.基于天津地区PM_(2.5)污染情况下,数值模拟显示10~250 m的气温递减率由于气溶胶的存在可减少0.06℃/100 m,在25个重污染过程中,日均气温递减率平均下降0.18℃/100 m,对大气垂直扩散条件产生显著影响.因此,在空气污染预报分析时使用不考虑气溶胶辐射效应的天气模式分析温度层结,需要适当调整阈值,尤其是在7:00—10:00逆温消散及垂直温度递减率由0.6℃/100 m向0.4℃/100 m变化时.     

南京市天气类型与大气污染关系研究

基于2012～2017年南京市气象数据和空气污染数据,采用空间天气分类法(SSC)进行分类,并分析不同天气类型以及各项气象因子与污染物浓度的关系。结果表明,污染物在干燥晴朗的天气类型下的平均浓度较高;冬季气象条件对污染物浓度的影响最大;对于污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5和CO,各气象因子对浓度的影响程度排序依次为气压、风速、温度、云量和露点;O3浓度受温度的影响最大。此外,对极端污染情形的研究表明,南京市在光照充足、晴朗干燥的天气类型下出现极端污染的风险较大,在温度5～10℃,露点温度0～5℃,气压1 020～1 025 hPa,云量0～2,风速2～3 m/s的天气条件下更容易发生极端污染。     

北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

北京2012~2013年的冬春多次出现雾霾天气,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)污染严重.而PM2.5作为PM10中粒径较小的部分,在PM10中所占比重越高,污染越严重.因此,本研究选取了能够覆盖北京所有区县的30个PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度监测点,对该地区的PM2.5和PM10污染特征进行分析,确定其空间差异特征和时间性变化特征.普通克里格插值(Original Kriging)法得到的北京地区冬、春季颗粒物浓度分布图显示,颗粒物浓度从北部山区到南部地区逐渐递增,在中心城区处,西部高于东部,且局部地区存在一定的城乡差异.颗粒物浓度月变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,1月最高,4月最低;逐日变化反映了PM2.5和PM10浓度具有较好的相关性,且受气象条件影响显著;日变化呈双峰趋势.本文选取日平均气温(℃)、相对湿度(%)、风速(风级)、降水量(mm)等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析研究各个气象因子对大气PM2.5和PM10浓度的影响.北京冬季PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度分别与气温、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关,风速和相对湿度是影响污染物质量浓度分布的主要因素.     

成都市黑碳气溶胶污染特征及与气象因子的关系

为系统了解成都市黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染特征,利用四川省环境监测站提供的成都市人民南路四段2013年9月至2014年7月逐时BC监测数据,对其浓度进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)BC小时平均浓度变化范围较大,介于0.01~57.83μg/m3,浓度中值(5.17μg/m3)小于平均值(7.32μg/m3),即BC小时浓度具有偏态分布特征。2)BC日均浓度变化范围为2~28.2μg/m3,其浓度日变化在四季均呈明显的单谷型,谷值出现在16:00时附近,表现为从凌晨到10:00时变化较平稳,10:00—16:00时浓度急剧下降,16:00到夜间浓度急剧上升;浓度季变化呈现出冬高夏低,春秋平稳的基本特征。3)秋、冬、春、夏四季BC本底浓度值分别为2.49,5.05,2.89,2.43μg/m3。4)BC质量浓度与PM2.5和PM10变化趋势一致,BC浓度相对颗粒物浓度变化较快,在0.01水平上与PM2.5和PM10均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.657、0.638,与温度、降水和风速均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.334,-0.338,-0.202。     

上海市青浦区PM_（10）污染状况及其与气象要素的关系

利用2006-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明：PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春夏季节的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5m/s。     

上海市青浦区PM_(10)污染与气象要素的关系

利用2006年-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明:PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5 mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春季的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5 m/s。     

东莞城区环境空气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)特征分析

采集2010—2012年东莞市城区5个采样点环境细粒子PM2.5,根据PM2.5浓度分析其污染特征,并结合气象要素分析其影响因素。研究表明:2010—2012年,东莞市城区各测点PM2.5年均浓度在0.035~0.054 mg/m3,PM2.5污染具有明显的夏季和非夏季2种季节性特征,夏季污染相对较轻,平均值为0.036 mg/m3,非夏季污染较严重,平均值达到0.053 mg/m3;PM2.5超标情况逐年好转,2010,2011,2012年超标率分别为20.3%、9.9%、4.6%。气象因素对PM2.5浓度变化有一定的影响,PM2.5浓度变化与风速呈一定程度的负相关,与相对湿度之间呈负相关关系,与气压之间呈正关系,而非夏季温度与其浓度变化关系不明显。     

北京市2009年8月大气颗粒物污染特征

为研究2008年8月北京奥运会1a之后北京市大气颗粒物的污染特征,于2009年8月对北京市大气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5样品进行采集,测量其质量浓度并对其中的水溶性离子组分进行分析.研究发现2009年8月北京市大气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5质量浓度日均值分别为176.9μg/m3和102.5μg/m3.PM10质量浓度比2008年观测值上升了180%,比2007年降低了10%; PM2.5质量浓度比2008年观测值上升了126%,比2007年上升了31%.水溶性离子是大气颗粒物的重要组分,分别占PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的43%和61%.对比发现,污染天气条件下PM2.5/PM10和NO3-/SO42-比值升高,移动源是北京地区主要的污染物来源.风向风速和降水等天气条件对颗粒物质量浓度有很大影响,其中0.5~1.0m/s的东南风条件下大气颗粒物污染最为严重.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.