利用电厂粉煤灰输送与处置系统处理制浆造纸污水的研究

制浆造纸污水和电厂粉煤灰混合流体的静态与动态模拟沉降实验证实，其固液分离性能好，粉煤灰对污水中COD、酚、色度等污染物有去除作用。吸附渗透实验估算了粉煤灰、亚粘土对COD、酚的吸附量，取得了地下水影响预测参数。     

用粉煤灰及贮灰场系统处理化纤和棉浆造纸污水

研究了利用粉煤灰及贮灰场系统大规模处理化纤和棉浆造纸污水,试验结果表明,这一方法可行的。对污水中COD,BOD_5、Zn、SS的去除率分别可达69.0％、81.7％、93.7％和51.3％。     

粉煤灰去除污水中COD的实验研究

对用粉煤灰处理污水中的COD进行了实验研究。探讨了接触时间、污水酸度、粉煤灰用量、粉煤灰粒径等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：粉煤灰与污水的最佳接触时间为5 h；粉煤灰的粒径和污水的酸度对处理效果影响不大；灰水比1：10时,去除率就可达到90%以上，并且粉煤灰对COD的吸附更符合Freundlic模型。     

改性粉煤灰去除利福平废水色度的研究

粉煤灰经过废硫酸改性处理后吸附能力大大提高,用改性粉煤灰对生化后的利福平废水进行了脱色试验,实验考察了废硫酸的投加量、pH值、粉煤灰的粒径对色度去除率的影响,并对脱色机理进行了分析。粉煤灰改性后应用于利福平废水处理中达到以废治废,具有一定的经济意义。     

粉煤灰-壳聚糖复合物处理生活废水的研究

利用粉煤灰-壳聚糖复合物对生活污水进行处理,研究了粉煤灰-壳聚糖复合物(CWF)的投加量、pH值、温度、搅拌时间等因素对生活污水的除浊率、化学需氧量(COD)去除率和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,CWF的处理效果整体上优于单独使用壳聚糖或粉煤灰,用CWF处理生活废水的最佳pH值范围在7.0~8.0之间,CWF(1∶6)的最佳用量为2g/L,CWF(1∶15)为1g/L,最佳处理温度分别为35℃和25℃,最佳搅拌时间分别为10min和20min。在上述条件下,用CWF处理污水的效果最好,可使污水的除浊率和COD去除率提高到98%以上。此外,实验表明,以上三种絮凝剂对生活污水的氨氮去除作用不大,最高的氨氮去除率只有32.38%     

粉煤灰--Fenton法处理酸性红印染废水

以美尔雅酸性红废水为研究对象 ,采用粉煤灰—Fenton法进行处理研究。确定了絮凝剂及其最佳浓度、粉煤灰和Fenton试剂处理的最佳条件。经处理后废水COD的去除率达 97%以上 ,色度去除率达 99%以上。     

用粉煤灰处理印染废水

随着科学技术的迅速发展,粉煤灰的利用价值越来越被人们所重视.阜新毛条厂印染废水设计采用阜新市热电厂粉煤灰进行处理,本方案对COD 的去除率为 75% ,对BOD 的去除率为76% ,对色度的去除率为71.4% ,效果良好,其一次投资及运行费用较其它处理方法也低得多.用粉煤灰处理印染废水可达到以废治废的效果,在我国是一项新的尝试,其理论基础及处理工艺很值得研究与推广     

利用粉煤灰处理生活污水的初步研究

粉煤灰虽然是一种固体废弃物,但已广泛应用于污水处理.本实验以锅炉房燃煤产生的粉煤灰为原料进行对生活污水的处理实验,主要研究在不同填料层高度,粉煤灰在单次进水和循环进水的情况下对生活污水中COD的去除率的差异;以及对高浓度垃圾渗滤液进行处理的对比性实验.结果表明,污水中COD的去除率随粉煤灰填料层高度的增加而提高,并且对低浓度生活污水中的COD去除效果较好.     

IC-A/O-Fenton氧化处理废纸造纸废水的中试研究

由于废纸再生造纸废水中溶解性有机物的分子量差异较大,用单一的处理单元不能达到理想的处理效果。本实验采用IC-NO-Fenton氧化工艺来处理该废水,中试实验运行结果表明,此工艺能够有效地处理废纸再生造纸废水,COD、SS的去除率均达到99％,色度的去除率达到95％,其他各项指标也能达到新的国家排放标准GB3544-20...     

硝酸钇与羧甲基壳聚糖联合使用处理印染污水

联合使用硝酸钇与羧甲基壳聚糖作絮凝剂处理印染污水,研究了当羧甲基壳聚糖用量为480mg/L,pH值为2.3时,硝酸钇投加量和处理温度这二个因素对印染污水的色度去除率、除浊率、COD和氨氮去除率的影响。实验结果表明,硝酸钇的投加量为5mg/L,温度为50℃时絮凝剂可使印染污水的色度去除率和除浊率均达99%,COD去除率为76.59%,氨氮去除率为77.12%;硝酸钇与羧甲基壳聚糖联合使用的絮凝脱色效果优于单独使用羧甲基壳聚糖。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.