亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响

以厌氧/好氧生化反应器中的聚磷菌为实验对象,探讨了亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响.结果表明:低浓度NO₂^--N可以作为聚磷菌的电子受体,实现NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷,但吸磷总量和吸磷速率明显低于NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的效果;当NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N共存于缺氧环境时,NO₂^--N对NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的除磷总量和速率没有影响,但会降低NO₃^--N的消耗量;NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷污泥的好氧吸磷量和速率均低于传统A/O厌氧放磷污泥的效果,但由于它经历了缺氧吸磷和好氧吸磷2个阶段,因此,从吸磷总量或出水水质看,二者相差不大.     

SBR双颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷性能研究

以模拟废水为研究对象,对SBR双颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除磷性能进行了考察.试验结果表明,A₂N双颗粒污泥系统能使硝化菌和聚磷菌分别在各自最佳的环境中生长,有利于系统脱氮除磷的稳定和高效运行,可控制性也得到了提高.在COD为300 mg·L^-1条件下,系统对COD的平均去除率达到78.8%,大部分COD被聚磷菌用来合成PHA;当溶解氧控制在3.55~4.90 mg·L^-1和5.60~6.60 mg·L^-1之间时,硝化SBR对氨氮的去除率分别为87.0%和94.5%.除磷SBR仅设置缺氧段时,磷去除率为72%;增设后曝气段后,磷去除率增至85%.NO_x^--N(NO₂^--N+ NO₃^--N)的去除主要发生在缺氧段,在反硝化除磷时作为电子受体被去除,平均去除率为90.6%.     

城市污水处理厂缺氧池短程反硝化现象及影响因素研究

调研了北方某城市污水处理厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的现象.该污水处理厂采用传统厌氧/缺氧/好氧（A/A/O）工艺,在缺氧池中存在稳定的短程反硝化过程,且缺氧池中亚硝态氮积累率最高可达88.4%.16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Thauera可能是导致该厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的主要菌种,而短程反硝化现象出现的主要原因可能为外加碳源乙酸钠和系统较高的pH值.取活性污泥在COD/NO₃^--N为2~5条件下进行反硝化批次试验,结果表明硝态氮的还原速率均高于亚硝态氮的还原速率,且最大硝态氮到亚硝态氮的转换率均在50%左右.但碳源充足时,积累的NO₂^-会在NO₃^-被还原完后继续发生还原反应,从而导致最终亚硝态氮积累效果变差.本研究,以乙酸钠为碳源,COD/NO₃^--N为3可使反硝化过程获得最高亚硝态氮积累.因此,控制合适COD/NO₃^--N或缺氧反应时间是短程反硝化工艺运行的关键控制参数.本研究可为实际污水处理厂构建短程反硝化并进一步耦合厌氧氨氧化技术提供参考.     

异养硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17的脱氮特性及动力学研究

异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17脱氮效果良好,为确定其脱氮特性及动力学过程,利用“样条插值法”研究了菌株生长阶段,并采用Logistic模型和修正的Gompertz模型对菌株生长及氮素去除过程进行拟合,结合反硝化过程中间产物,分析菌株脱氮途径.结果显示,菌株WZ17以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N唯一氮源时,生长适应期分别为2.89、3.13和3.13 h,最大去除速率分别为8.47、5.76和5.18 mg·L^-1·h^-1,生长和底物去除过程分别符合Logistic模型（R²>0.9）和修正的Gompertz模型（R²>0.9）.硝化过程中,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的积累量仅为0.13和0.14 mg·L^-1,反硝化过程中,NO₂^--N的积累量为1.55 mg·L^-1.“样条插值法”的运用可以准确地划分菌株WZ17的生长阶段,菌株WZ17对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N均具有较好的去除效果,反硝化途径为NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N→N_xO_y.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化处理生活污水脱氮除碳

采用SBR-ASBR组合工艺处理实际生活污水,SBR中考察缺氧/好氧时间比及温度对部分亚硝化（partial nitritation,PN）的作用,ASBR中研究COD/NO₂^--N（C/N）对厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX）协同反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.①控制温度为25℃,在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min,单周期交替3次时,NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）于第22 d为98.06%,比亚硝态氮产生速率（SNiPR,以N/VSS计）为0.28g·（g·d）^-1,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN和COD分别为12.29 mg·L^-1和110.36mg·L^-1.②在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min下,温度为15℃时,丝状菌大量繁殖,污泥活性和沉降性变差;温度为30℃时,NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N比例为86.83%,造成出水NH₄⁺-N浓度过低,不能为厌氧氨氧化提供合适基质浓度;温度为25℃时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为31.58 mg·L^-1和35.04mg·L^-1,匹配厌氧氨氧化基质比.③组合工艺脱氮性能良好,出水TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度分别稳定在13.13、4.83和69.96mg·L^-1,去除率分别为83.10%、93.64%和75.11%.调节ASBR进水C/N为2.5、2.0和1.5时,C/N为2.0时厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮除碳性能最佳,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N和COD分别为0.09、0.25、1.04和32.73mg·L^-1.     

A2N系统中低碳污水的反硝化除磷优化及运行稳定性

采用序批式生物移动床（SBMBBR）,通过优化反应条件可以取得较高的聚-β-羟基丁酸盐（PHB）富集效率,通过双泥系统的操作,可以实现低碳下的高效反硝化除磷.在进水COD 200 mg/L、pH为中性的生活污水中,并在搅拌速度为80 r/min下,磷的去除率达到83.7%,NO^-₃-N的去除率达到81.4%,NO^-₂-N的去除率接近100%,取得较好的反硝化除磷作用.较大的生物量是保证较高效率的反硝化除磷的关键之一.采用双泥系统运行SBMBBR,可以获得稳定的、较高效率的脱氮除磷.在COD为140～170 mg/L, TN为34～42 mg/L低碳氮比的实际废水处理中,磷的去除率达到89.2%,TN的去除率达到84.5%.在处理过程中,排泥中的磷量基本与进水中磷的量一致,未发现磷的其它去除路径.     

不同电子受体对反硝化除磷菌缺氧吸磷的影响

利用厌氧/缺氧/好氧交替运行模式培养和富集反硝化除磷污泥,通过在缺氧段分别投加不同浓度的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,进行了反硝化除磷菌（DPB）在不同电子受体条件下的缺氧吸磷试验.结果表明,在保证有足够的硝酸盐电子受体的情况下,DPB的缺氧吸磷速率几乎不受硝酸盐浓度的影响,在试验条件下,缺氧阶段每消耗1 mg NO^-₃-N吸收约1 mg PO^３－_４-P;在一定浓度条件下,亚硝酸盐能够作为电子受体参与DPB反硝化吸磷,DPB在较低亚硝酸盐浓度（NO^-₂-N在5～20 mg/L范围）下的缺氧吸磷速率高于以硝酸盐为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率,并且缺氧吸磷速率在这个范围内随NO^-₂-N浓度的升高而降低;亚硝酸盐对DPB缺氧吸磷的抑制程度随其浓度的增加而增强,当NO^-₂-N≥35 mg/L时,DPB的缺氧吸磷反应几乎完全停止.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

不同碳源模式下酵母菌PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的应用研究

针对首次分离得到的一株具有同步脱氮除磷新功能的热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis） PNY2013,通过生理及动力学特征,连续流运行操作及其在含糖类工业废水中的应用3个环节,探讨了不同碳源模式下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的特性.结果表明：PNY2013以葡萄糖、乙醇及乙酸为唯一碳源时均生长良好,其最大比增长速率μ_max分别为0.1327、0.1252及0.1115 h^-1,其同步脱氮除磷率分别可达100%、80%、100%（NH₄⁺-N）及93%、95%、98%（PO₄^3--P）.3种碳源下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的最佳条件基本接近为：温度30℃,pH=8.0,溶解氧0~2 mg·L^-1,C/N=200∶5左右.PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的长期连续运行条件下的实验进一步表明,以葡萄糖为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达400及80 mg·L^-1时,两者去除率均接近100%.与这种超强能力相比,以乙醇及乙酸为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达100及20 mg·L^-1时,两者的去除率也可达60%~80%（NH₄⁺-N）及40%（PO₄^3--P）,显示出相当的同步脱氮除磷能力.在以模拟制糖废水、淀粉加工废水、啤酒废水、味精废水这4种典型含糖工业废水为碳源条件下,除淀粉加工废水外PNY2013均能有效去除COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P,其中,制糖、啤酒、制药废水中的COD去除率分别可达40%、89%、96%,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为85%、94%、76%,PO₄^3--P去除率均为90%.即使在40000 mg·L^-1（制糖）及12500 mg·L^-1（啤酒）的高COD条件下,PNY2013也均具有稳定的NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除效果,显示出良好的同步脱氮除磷应用前景.     

水库沉积物贫营养型好氧反硝化菌(Pseudomonas sp.)分离及其对微污染水体脱氮效率分析

为探究深水水库沉积物微生物功能特征及利用价值,于2019年在实验室对小湾水库表层沉积物微生物进行了驯化分离,并分析了其中一株细菌的脱氮效率.结果表明,分离出的细菌XW731经鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,是一种贫营养型好氧反硝化菌;在分别以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N为唯一氮源时,该菌对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为33.6%、68.5%和9.1%;以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源时,对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为66.4%、89.6%,同步硝化反硝化能力更强.将该菌投加到两种城市微污染水体后测试表明,该菌对城市河道水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为38.3%和42.4%,对城市降雨水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为22.2%和7.7%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.