西班牙罗达尔基拉金矿床与两个相邻的浅成热液金矿床的流体特征的对比

正在开采的罗达尔基拉金矿床以及废弃的特里温福和玛丽亚·何塞法金矿山位于西班牙东南部阿尔梅里亚以东约40km的卡沃-德加塔山火山区内。罗达尔基拉的金矿化主要受破火山口构造控制,而特里温福和玛丽亚·何塞法的脉构造则未受到这种控制。特里温福和玛丽亚·何塞法的围岩蚀变的特征是泥质蚀变(伊利石/绢云母、高岭石)。在特里温福,金矿化脉构造周围的蚀变分带为前进泥质蚀变(多孔石英、明矾石、叶蜡石、迪开石)到泥质蚀变到区域性发育的绿磐岩化。对所有这三个矿山的包裹体研究均表明,金是在170—250℃温度下从低盐度流体(2—5eq.wt% NaCl)中沉淀的。然而,罗达尔基拉的热液体系是由次生流体源供给的。高盐度的含石盐和(或)钾石盐、富液相和以蒸气相为主的含CO_2流体包裹体被认为是岩浆成因的。深部的高硫化作用矿石矿物组合(铜蓝、硫砷铜矿、砷黝铜矿)和部分前进泥质蚀变可能与这些流体有关。因此,使罗达尔基拉金矿床归属于酸式硫酸盐或高硫化型浅成热液金矿床的这些特征的一部分,源于代表斑岩环境是典型的岩浆成因流体,而所有这三个地点的金矿化与可能是海洋成因的低盐度流体有关。     

新疆阿尔泰原生金矿围岩蚀变特征与构造及流体关系研究

新疆阿尔泰地区原生金矿的围岩蚀变较发育，且不同类型金矿床同时具有相同特征的围岩蚀变类型。多数金矿床的围岩蚀变具有分带性，从矿体或断裂面向两例呈对称分布。金矿化一般随绢英岩化、黄铁矿化等蚀变的增强而增强。围岩蚀变是成矿流体、围岩和构造活动共同作用的结果，也是金矿化的表现形式，而不同类型的围岩蚀变则是成矿流体在不同的物理化学条件下演化的产物，正是这种成矿流体沿破碎带活动，形成一个由高温到低温的蚀变类型组合及与之相应的围岩蚀变分带。     

内蒙古达茂旗东毛忽洞金矿成矿特征及找矿方向

内蒙古达茂旗东毛忽洞金矿区内圈出工业矿体4条,产于燕山晚期的流纹斑岩、花岗斑岩内,受东西向东毛忽洞断裂控制。围岩蚀变为硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等;金属矿化为黄铁矿化、黄铜矿化、褐铁矿化、孔雀石化、赤铁矿化等。该蚀变岩型金矿床在东毛忽洞断裂与南北向的次级断裂复合叠加部位,金矿化明显增强,富集成矿。结合东毛忽洞金矿成矿特征,对于本区的金矿的找矿方向进行了探讨。     

安徽天井山金矿区韩家岩体成因与成矿意义

韩家岩体与天井山金矿空间上密切相关。对韩家岩体的成因存在不同看法:依据"斑状"外貌,有人主张是燕山期花岗斑岩;依据隐约可见的片麻状构造,有人认为是晋宁期灵山岩体。鉴于其具有重要的找矿指示意义,本文通过岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究,认为韩家岩体是由灵山岩体蚀变而成的绢英岩。天井山金矿中的金多以自然金形式产于石英大脉的晚期裂隙中,并与石英-绢云母-含铁碳酸盐-硫化物细脉共生。研究表明,这些裂隙与绢英岩体顶部的石英网脉带贯通,两者具有相同蚀变矿物组合和流体来源。据此,本文认为与绢英岩化有关的岩浆-构造-蚀变作用是天井山金矿的核心成矿事件。由于韩家绢英岩体具有区域尺度的找矿标志,这对天井山矿区及其外围进一步找矿具有重要的指导意义。     

台湾更新世金矿床的构造和地球化学特征

台湾更新世金矿床包括金瓜石、中央山脉以及雪山山脉的金矿床。更新世是台湾金矿化的重要时期。金瓜石金矿床由产于英安岩、中新统钙质砂岩和联质页岩中的金-硫砷铜矿脉、金-硫砷铜矿角砾岩岩筒和银金矿脉组成。中央山脉的金矿床主要是分布在板岩和石墨千枚岩中的含金石英脉和合毒砂、磁黄铁矿、方铝矿的浸染型金矿。根据该区岛弧和海沟的复杂构造模式，结合CO2逸度及大陆碰撞因素，作者阐明了台湾更新世金矿床的成因机制。     

加拿大魁北克省加斯佩区与花岗岩有关的马德莱娜铜矿床中流体的演化及其在成矿中的作用

魁北克马德莱娜铜矿床的容矿岩石为黑云母角页岩,与麦克杰里格尔花岗岩杂岩体相邻,由网脉状矿体组成,从中心向外呈现出斑铜矿-黄铜矿到黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿的分带现象。矿化早于接触变质主期,与黑云母、钙硅酸盐脉及其蚀变组合伴生。绿泥石-白云母蚀变及石英-碳酸盐脉晚于矿化。脉石英含有低、高盐度的含水包裹体、CO_2-CH_4含水包裹体及无水的流体包裹体。等容线投影图表明,矿床形成于400—600℃,1—2kbar。低的冰熔化温度、低共熔温度表明,某些含水包裹体含钙高。本文建立了以下流体演化模式,即高盐度的正岩浆流体与富含有机质的页岩反应形成富含CH_4和N_2的流体,导致黑云母蚀变。在局部地区,正岩浆流体与钙质层反应,释放出CO_2,使流体中钙质增加,因而导致钙硅酸盐蚀变。主要由地层水形成的低盐度流体,导致了绿泥石-白云母蚀变及石英-碳酸盐脉的形成。从矿化中心向外,水/岩比值降低,从而导致温度和(或)Cu/Fe比降低以及a_(H_2S)增加,这被用来解释硫化物矿物的分带现象。     

广西凭祥地区金矿床地质地球化学特征研究

凭祥地区金矿床受断层构造与酸性火山岩的双重控制。围岩蚀变为黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化等。矿床的形成经历了两个成矿期 :热液成矿期与表生氧化期。热液成矿期金由热液迁移至围岩 ,被黄铁矿与毒砂吸附。表生氧化期黄铁矿与毒砂氧化形成氧化铁矿物 ,金被吸附到氧化铁矿物之上得到富集。对矿化岩石与围岩的微量元素与稀土元素分析结果表明 ,本区金矿以Au As Sb Hg组合为特征 ,As是金的找矿指示元素。根据金矿床的矿物组合与微量元素特征以及矿床地质条件推测 ,本区金矿床属低温热液矿床 ,形成时代为燕山期。     

云南墨江金矿床成矿作用探讨

云南墨江金矿床位于“三江”褶皱带哀牢山板块结合带北段的墨江 -九甲断裂带中。矿体分布于金厂超基性岩体西侧的金厂组烂山段含火山物质的硅质岩、变余粉砂岩和板岩中 ,矿体由含金石英脉、含金硅质岩组成 ,金矿体受层位和岩性控制。在矿区还分布晚于金矿化形成的镍矿体。金镍矿体共同存在于同一矿区 ,矿区围岩蚀变种类多 ,与金矿化有关的围岩蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化等。矿体的空间分布与穿插关系表明 ,金成矿作用开始于晚三叠世以前。含金硅质岩具有沉积作用形成的地质特征 ,其稀土元素、氧、硅同位素地球化学特征与热水沉积作用形成的硅质岩一致 ;含金石英脉的矿物组成、结构和构造特征、稀土元素、硅同位素、微量元素组成与含金硅质岩相似 ,可能与硅质岩具有相似物质来源或形成作用。金矿石中金与镍、铬等元素的相关性很低。推断金矿床成矿作用可能开始于中石炭世含金硅质岩的热水沉积作用 ,在早三叠世以前 ,成矿热液通过充填和交代作用在硅质岩和上部的岩石中形成含金石英脉。后来的区域变质作用、超基性岩自变质作用及镍矿化作用可能使金矿体的金含量提高 ,但没有产生具有工业意义的独立金矿化。     

与韧性剪切带有关的不同金矿化类型地质地球化学特征对比研究

与韧性剪切带有关的金矿化类型主要有蚀变糜棱岩型、构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型。不同金矿化类型具有不同的控矿构造类型 ,蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化受韧性变形带控制 ,构造蚀变岩型金矿化受脆性碎裂岩控制 ,石英脉型金矿化则受浅部裂隙带控制 ;未矿化糜棱岩变形越强 ,金元素含量就越低 ,超糜棱岩明显低于粗糜棱岩 ,但强烈变形的糜棱岩容易叠加后期的矿化蚀变 ;在时空关系上 ,同一成矿期内石英脉型金矿化稍晚于构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化 ,且石英脉型往往穿切蚀变糜棱岩型和构造蚀变岩型 ;在地球化学特征方面 ,与构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型相比 ,石英脉型的轻重稀土元素比值较大 ,更富集轻同位素 ;在成矿物理化学条件方面 ,与构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型相比 ,石英脉型的成矿温度低、压力小、成矿深度浅。从构造带成生演化的时空统一的角度分析可知 ,这三类金矿化都是在造山过程中韧性剪切带持续演化变形的条件下形成的 ,这种韧性剪切带持续演化变形是形成大型金矿床的重要条件之一。     

福建德化杨梅地区金矿成矿地质条件和矿床成因

本文分析研究了德化杨梅地区金矿成矿地质条件，矿床主要地质和地球化学特征以及矿床成因等。结果表明，德化杨梅地区是一个金的高背景地球化学场．为成矿提供了物质基础，金矿床、矿点明显地受NE、NW向断裂及其交叉复合部位控制，与成矿有关的侵入岩—次火山岩主要是燕山期的石英闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩和花岗斑岩；金的矿化类型主要为含金石英脉型、含金石英—硫化物型及破碎蚀变岩型；区内金矿成因类型主要为次火山热液型和岩浆热液型两类。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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