污泥制陶粒技术可行性分析与烧结机理研究

研究了污泥烧结陶粒轻骨料的建材性能,分析了污泥制陶粒轻骨料的技术可行性和存在的难题,并从烧结过程的结构形态变化和晶体相反应机理角度讨论了可行的解决办法. 结果表明,当烧结温度为1　050 ℃,烧结时间为30 min时,烧结体的内部产生熔融液相导致烧结体收缩致密化,建材性能显著提高,但抗压强度仍达不到建材标准要求. 其主要原因是污泥中的有机物含量较高,烧结过程中有机物的挥发导致烧结体内部产生较大孔隙,使产品开裂. 污泥烧结体中的主要晶体相是石英、钙黄长石、钙镁磷酸盐和磷酸铝,污泥中磷的含量很高,因此,可添加高铝无机材料促进钙镁磷酸盐和磷酸铝高强晶体相的形成,提高烧结体抗压强度,经调质后利用污泥烧结陶粒轻骨料技术可行.      

采用污水厂污泥制陶粒的烧结工艺及配方研究

对污水厂污泥“干化-烧结”制陶粒的烧结工艺和物料配方进行了研究,分析了不同烧结工艺条件对陶粒产品强度、吸水率和密度等性能指标的影响.结果表明,烧结温度对陶粒性能影响最大,而由于污泥本身熔点低,具有助熔作用,适宜的烧结温度与配方中污泥掺加量密切相关.最佳污泥烧制陶粒工艺条件为,污泥最大掺加量80%,350℃预热20min,1060℃烧结15min.     

废啤酒酵母泥吸附活性黑31的机理研究

探讨了废啤酒酵母泥吸附水中活性黑31的平衡、动力学规律,利用傅里叶红外光谱技术分析了废啤酒酵母泥及活性黑31的吸附官能团间的相互作用.结果表明,废啤酒酵母泥对活性黑31的吸附容易进行;20min前吸附速度都较快,2h后吸附都达到平衡;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.废啤酒酵母泥对活性黑31的吸附等温曲线符合Freund...     

太湖淤泥烧结砖的制备及其性能

以太湖淤泥和粉煤灰为原料,干燥后混合加湿搅拌,压制成40 mm×40 mm×40 mm的试样,经干燥后放入电阻炉中焙烧,测试分析了不同粉煤灰掺量和焙烧温度下淤泥烧结砖的吸水率、抗压强度、腐蚀性及重金属浸出等性能。结果表明:增加粉煤灰掺量,砖体吸水率增大,抗压强度降低;当粉煤灰掺量30%、烧结温度950℃时,淤泥烧结砖强度可达到13.6 MPa,满足国家承重墙(MU10)使用标准。砖体浸出液微偏碱性,但不具有腐蚀性,高温焙烧可使淤泥中重金属得到有效固化。     

利用太湖竺山湾底泥制备轻质陶粒试验研究

以太湖竺山湾底泥为研究对象,通过对其主要成分、矿物组成和热性质分析,考察其烧制轻质陶粒的可行性;以膨胀率和表观密度为指标,对烧结温度和烧结时间进行单因素试验,确定较佳的纯底泥烧制轻质陶粒工艺参数,并对所制陶粒微观结构和重金属浸出毒性进行分析。结果表明,竺山湾底泥成分基本满足烧制轻质陶粒要求,在不添加其他任何添加剂的情况下,其较佳的烧制条件为1 110~1 120℃下焙烧5~10 min冷却至室温,可以得到表观密度为0.8~0.9 gcm3,具有较好强度的膨胀轻质陶粒。底泥在烧制陶粒过程中重金属得到很好地固化,陶粒中重金属浸出率很低。     

铁尾矿烧制陶粒及其性能的研究

本实验以铁尾矿为原料,粉煤灰、城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为添加剂,进行烧制建筑陶粒的研究。考察了物料配比和烧结工艺(烧结温度和烧结时间)对陶粒性能的影响。以陶粒吸水率和堆积密度为评价指标确定最佳配比和烧结工艺。研究表明铁尾矿、粉煤灰、污泥的最佳配比为:铁尾矿40.3%,粉煤灰44.7%,污泥15%。在最佳烧结工艺下,可以烧制出满足国家标准(GB/T 17431.1-1998)的700级轻粗集料。实验还研究了陶粒在不同浸取条件(水平振荡法、TCLP毒性浸出法)下的重金属浸出性能。结果表明:在两种不同浸出条件下,只有Cu、Zn和Pb能够检出而且其浸出浓度非常低。XRD结果表明,烧结过程中出现了硅酸盐类新物质。     

适用于BAF的粉煤灰免烧陶粒的制备

为拓宽粉煤灰免烧陶粒的应用范围,使免烧法得以推广,本实验通过激发粉煤灰的潜在活性并选用污水厂剩余污泥为添加剂的方法制备免烧陶粒,使产品比市售烧结陶粒更适用于污水处理领域,为粉煤灰、污泥的处理提供一条经济合理的途径。实验对粉煤灰活性激发机理、污泥添加作用和陶粒物相组成(XRD)进行研究。制备陶粒产品的主要性能指标是破碎率1.9%,,表观密度为1667kg/m3,比表面积7.84m2/g。将制备免烧陶粒和市售烧结陶粒投入曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,结果表明利用污泥为添加剂,可在一定条件下制备出适用于BAF的性能优良的功能陶粒,达到经济节能、变废为宝的目的。     

以干化太湖淤泥为原料烧结制砖的研究

文章以干化太湖淤泥为主要原料进行烧结制砖研究.采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、红外光谱、热重分析等仪器对干化淤泥和烧结制品进行表征,结果表明,太湖干化淤泥以二氧化硅和氧化铝为主要成分,干燥敏感性较低,塑性较高,适宜作为烧结制砖的主要原料.考察了不同的升温程序、烧结温度及粉煤灰配合比等因素对烧结制品性能的影响,并通过显微...     

转炉污泥成球做炼钢造渣剂

转炉除尘污水含有大量含铁尘泥及有害杂质。本研究提出的以转炉除尘污泥为基体、掺加废石灰末等碱性物料制成球团,做炼钢造渣材料的工艺,经定性、中间和半工业性生产试验,已于1981年11月在昆钢全面投产。     

烧结脱硫灰制备胶凝材料强度影响因素研究

通过正交及单因素试验方法研究了烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰复掺矿渣、钢渣,辅之外加剂,制备生态胶凝材料的可行性。结果表明采用分别预磨钢渣、矿渣及水泥熟料再与经低温煅烧的改性脱硫灰混磨制备的复合生态胶凝材料,具有良好的安定性、水化性能和力学性能;初凝时间、终凝时间合格。正交试验确定了一定比例和掺量的矿渣和钢渣复掺15%改性脱硫灰、15%水泥熟料和0.5%激发剂时胶凝材料的各项性能较好,通过单因素试验对方案进行了优化,用SEM对两组配方的水泥净浆体进行晶形微观分析,验证了不同水化产物在不同龄期对水泥体的强度影响。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.