自动固体测汞仪测定土壤中的汞

利用Hydra-C固体测汞仪直接测定土壤中的汞,检出限为0.0008 mg/kg,标准土壤样品测定结果在范围内,相对标准偏差在1.9%~3.8%,加标回收率在97%~104%。该方法准确、简便、快速,结果令人满意。     

微波消解预处理技术在食品分析中的应用

介绍了微波消解预处理技术用于食品消解时样品的取样量、所用溶剂种类和数量、预消解以及消解程序;采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定了国家标准参考物质奶粉（GBW10017）和鸡肉（GBW10018）的金属元素含量,其测定值在标准参考值范围内,方法的准确度为94.2%~114%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~4.8%,样品加标回收率为91.6%~109.02%;该方法简便、快速、准确、可靠,可用于食品的检测分析。     

微波消解样品-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定土壤中重金属元素和稀土元素

通过优化微波消解条件,调谐电感耦合等离子体质(ICP-MS)工作条件,建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中11种重金属和16种稀土元素的分析方法。研究了样品消解工序、标准溶液配制、外标法对元素测定的影响,对质控样品的检测显示该方法测定值与标准值吻合。方法检出限为0.012~0.711 ng/g,精密度(RSD)为0.33%~4.4%(n=6),加标回收率为86.1%~105.7%,表明该方法准确可靠。     

P&T-GC/MS同时测定水中6种化合物

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法同时测定地表水中痕量的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶、松节油和四乙基铅的分析方法。结果表明:目标物线性相关系数(r~2)为0.997~0.999;方法检出限为0.016~5μg/L;以2个水平进行样品加标实验,目标化合物的回收率为81.9%~110.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.4%~9.3%。该方法定性定量准确,灵敏度高。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中汞方法改进

采用(1+1)硝酸进行消解、原子荧光法测定土壤中汞,对ESS-2和ESS-3两个标准土壤样品进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.3%~0.4%,加标回收率在85%~95%,同时空白样品测定的结果较低,表明该法满足实验要求。     

混合酸浸提—原子吸收法测定土壤中铜

建立了混合酸浸提对土壤样品进行前处理,并运用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)分析土壤中铜的方法。结果表明:最佳前处理条件为混合酸HNO 3+HCl(1+1),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间120 min。该方法前处理简单,测定快速、结果准确,同时经多次进行加标试验验证,其结果样品测定相对标准偏差为2.2%,其回收率为95%~101%,方法可行,应用于土壤样品的微量元素分析。     

汞分析仪直接测定土壤中总汞的方法研究

建立了利用RP91C-RA915M汞分析仪直接测定土壤中总汞的方法。该方法直接固体进样,省去了常规方法加酸消解、赶酸、定容等繁琐的前处理步骤;利用标准土壤绘制工作曲线,无需反复稀释标准储备液配制标准溶液,测定了方法检出限、精密度及准确度。结果表明此方法准确、可靠,是一个比较理想的分析方法。本方法的检出限为0.25μg/kg,相对标准偏差为1.98%~4.92%,标准样品测定准确,加标回收率为92.8%~106%。     

超声提取气相色谱法测土壤中硝基苯类化合物

采用超声波提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中7种硝基苯类化合物。硝基苯和对硝基甲苯的方法检出限为0.010 0 mg/kg,其他5种硝基苯类化合物为0.000 1~0.001 0 mg/kg。标准溶液平行测定的RSD在3.7%~4.5%,实际样品的加标回收率为68.6%~120%。结果表明该方法操作简便,线性范围良好,检出限低,精密度好,定性定量准确;经实际样品测定,完全能满足土壤中硝基苯类化合物的监测要求。     

全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定生活饮用水中苯酚

建立全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中苯酚的方法。样品经过全自动固相萃取仪的预处理后,通过XBridger-C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇+0.01mol/L乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲溶液为流动相进行洗脱,于激发波长230nm发射波长320nm荧光检测,测定结果表明,线性范围良好,回收率90%~93%,相对标准偏差1.3%~3.5%。该方法操作简单方便,分析快速、准确,灵敏度高,。     

连续流动分析法测定地表水中硅酸盐

建立了连续流动分析法测定地表水中硅酸盐的方法。样品经0.45μm滤膜过滤后直接进样,线性响应良好,基体干扰小,硅酸盐方法检出限为0.006mg/L,加标回收率为97.5%~105%,精密度为0.1%~4.2%。该方法具有方便、快捷、检出限低、精密度和准确度高等优点,可以满足大批量样品的分析。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.