海洋石油勘探开发溢油环境污染损害风险可保性研究

海洋石油勘探开发溢油污染是最为严重的海洋环境损害之一,其发生带来了巨额的赔偿、补偿。因此,开展海洋石油勘探开发溢油环境污染损害责任保险的专项研究十分重要,风险可保性作为确定保险标的的关键是研究的基础。本文运用法学及经济学理论,分析了海洋石油勘探开发溢油环境污染损害风险基于可保性“经典定义”存在的不足,以及基于可保性“现代定义”优化的可行性。同时,运用海洋数值模拟技术,选取渤海为示例海域,分析了溢油污染损害风险影响范围的可预测性,论证了海洋石油勘探开发溢油环境污染损害风险的可保性。     

海上石油勘探开发溢油环境风险的可保性分析

海上溢油的海洋生态环境风险已成为海洋工程环境监督管理领域关注的重点,但目前我国海上石油勘探开发溢油环境风险的社会化分散机制缺乏操作层面的探索。本文通过对海上石油勘探开发溢油风险特征的总结,结合保险理想可保条件,对石油勘探开发溢油环境风险的可保性进行了辩证的分析,并认为该风险在操作层面可以实现有条件地可保,并依据风险特征曲线提出了风险可保化的技术性手段和政策引导建议。     

海洋溢油风险分区方法及其应用

突发性海洋溢油污染事故日趋频繁,科学合理的海洋溢油风险分区可为预防和减少这类事故提供管理依据。本文基于海洋溢油风险系统研究和溢油污染事故机理分析,建立海洋溢油风险分区指标体系,提出海洋溢油风险量化模型,确定基于GIS的分区原则、分区单元、风险量化、风险分级等海洋溢油风险分区方法。以大连市近岸海域为例,应用分区方法将大连市近岸海域分为高风险区、中风险区和低风险区三类。     

海洋石油工业的污染与防治

海洋石油工业的溢油事故 ,不论是欧洲北海还是美洲墨西哥湾每年都有。例如英国北海从１９７７年至１９８８年１１年间发生的溢油事故达５００次以上 ,总溢油量约为５６００ｔ。南海东部地区海域自１９９０年底进入开发生产以来也发生多次溢油 ,仅１９９７年达１０次 ,溢油量约４．４ｔ。１９９６年曾发生过由于拖网渔船拉断海底管线 ,导致约１０００ｔ溢油的大型事故。从溢油的引发原因一分 ,大约可分为一般操作失误、设备的小故障、较大的设备故障及重大的事故引发等几种。从海洋石油工业统计来看 ,储油设施及管线损坏的溢油事故占居溢油量…     

化学消油剂在溢油污染控制中的应用及其今后发展方向

简要综述了化学消油剂的作用机理及其发展历史,详细概述了溢油事故处理中使用消油剂的优缺点,特别介绍了学者们对化学消油剂的毒性效应的不同看法以及各国对使用消油剂的态度,并结合我国国情和海洋石油勘探开发现状,提出了消油剂使用和管理的具体改进措施,阐述了今后消油剂的发展方向。     

突发性海洋溢油污染事件应急处理研究

突发性海洋污染事件包括海上运输漏油、钻井溢油以及事故性漏油等,不仅威胁居民的生命财产安全,而且带来海洋生态环境的破坏以及巨大的经济损失。本文以近几年发生在中国渤海海域的几次溢油事件为研究对象,论述了突发性海洋污染事件的特点、目前中国应对海洋突发性污染事件存在的问题,如应急协调的机制比较单一、应急处理的技术水平较差立法存在缺陷、公众保护海洋生态环境的意识有待提高等,也对中国应对海洋溢油突发事故的应急处理提出了完善应急预警、监测水质控制油污以及形成防控体系、研发处理装备、普及救援知识的建议以及应急处置措施,并提出了相应的建议。     

海上溢油渐成环保安全大患

近来,大连化工事故、康菲漏油等污染事件层出不穷。而中国的海上石油开发与勘探活动主要在渤海和南海,其中渤海由于海上石油勘探活动频繁,海上采油平台和生产油井众多,受溢油污染较为严重。据海洋局统计,渤海现有输油管道溢油概率约为每年0.1次;渤海石油平台由于火灾     

浅析海洋石油生产作业平台安全风险与管控措施

介绍了近30年海洋石油勘探开发11起典型事故,分析了引发事故的主要原因,提出了加强海洋石油平台安全风险管控措施和监管策略。     

海洋石油工业的污染与防治

海洋石油工业的溢油事故，不论是欧洲北海还是美洲墨西哥湾每年都有。例如英国北海从1977年至1988年11年间发生的溢油事故达500次以上，总溢油量约为5600t。南海东部地区海域自1990年底进入开发生产以来也发生多次溢油，仅1997年达10次，溢油量约4．4t。1996年曾发生过由于拖网渔船拉断海底管线，导致约1000t溢油的大型事故。     

关于建立我国海洋溢油清除体系的设想

一、海洋溢油事故及其危害 在各种类型的海洋污染中,油污染最引人注目,而溢油造成的污染尤其令人担忧。世界许多国家一方面采取各种措施减少溢油事故的发生,同时组织起有效的清除体系,以减轻溢油事故造成的后果。 海洋溢油主要是船舶(特别是油船)、海上石油平台、沿海贮油设施、输油管道以及港     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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