对苯二甲酸（TA）废渣的综合利用

对苯二甲酸（ＴＡ）废渣的综合利用●山东省环境保护科学研究设计院黄莹●郓城县实验中心王秀兰对苯二甲酸（简称ＴＡ）废渣是在对二甲苯催化氧化制取对苯二甲酸的生产过程中分离出的一部分不纯物，其主要成分为对甲基苯甲酸、对羧基苯甲醛，对苯二甲酸，此外还含有少量的...     

色纤碱减量废水中对苯二甲酸的回收精制研究

文章研究了酸析法从带色碱减量废水中回收对苯二甲酸(TA)过程,并且通过废水预处理进行TA的简单精制。结果表明,这种处理方法不但能大幅度降低碱减量废水的COD值,而且可以获得高纯度对苯二甲酸。另外,文章还对回收得到的对苯二甲酸的用途进行了简单分析。     

对苯二甲酸和聚脂生产废水处理技术综述

对苯二甲酸和聚脂均是化纤工业中的重要原料，本文论述了对这两种生产废水的处理技术，并比较了不同处理方法的优缺点。     

废聚酯非酸催化合成对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯的研究

介绍了以废聚酯瓶为原料,用醋酸锌与氧化镁复合催化剂合成对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DOTP)的方法.利用正交实验研究了醇解酯交换反应中的影响因素,并对产物进行了表征.当反应条件:n(2-EH)/n(PET)=4,m(催化剂)/m(PET)=1%,反应时间为8 h,反应最高温度为200℃时,对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯的收率为82.3%,与其他酯化催化剂相比,醋酸锌与氧化镁复合的催化活性最好.      

日拟用聚酯纤维加工废液回收对苯二甲酸

由聚酯纤维减量加工时产生废碱液回收对苯二甲酸的项目，今年秋委将在日本福井县工业技术中心进行实用化研究。该项目由东丽、帝人、可乐丽等八家聚酯厂家共同进行，由日本化学纤维协会设立工作组，加强试验装置规模确定、设计等。为便聚酯长纤维织物具有柔软等新的手感，需在染色加工厂浸苛性碱液，溶解表面进行减量加工，由此产生的废碱液再资源化项目，系以回收碱液中的聚酯原料对苯二甲酸进行再资源化为目标。此项研究很早就进行过，但回收的对苯二甲酸纯度低，需要精制，成本非常高。有关专家认为，采用反渗透膜等分离膜可使成本降低。…     

水解酸化-复合式膜生物反应器组合工艺处理涤纶碱减量废水的试验研究

采用水解酸化复合式膜生物反应器组合工艺处理涤纶碱减量废水。实验结果表明,本工艺处理效果非常明显,系统出水CODCr为26.6～68.03mgL,系统的CODCr总去除率达到93%～98%,对苯二甲酸的降解率超过94%。水解酸化工艺对苯二甲酸的降解作用很小,降解率为0.23%～6.02%;但对乙二醇的降解作用却非常明显,降解率达到58.94%～71.49%,水解酸化工艺将废水的可生化参数BC提高了0.173～0.227。多孔柔性悬浮填料,一方面,提高了对膜表面的冲刷作用,减少膜表面的沉积层;另一方面,增加了原生动物和后生动物在MBR中的数量,有效地减轻了膜污染。     

不同配体合成的锆基MOFs吸附VOCs的试验研究

以对苯二甲酸作为基础配体，采用功能化官能团配体2-氨基对苯二甲酸、1,4-萘二甲酸以及长链配体联苯二甲酸，水热合成UIO-66、UIO-66-NH₂、UIO-66-NDC和UIO-67等含有不同配体的锆基MOFs吸附材料。利用XRD、FTIR、BET表征分析了这4种材料，分别考察了其对甲苯和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附容量。结果表明：具有4种不同配体的MOFs均合成成功；在相对湿度为80%时，UIO-66表现出最高的吸附容量，甲苯吸附量高达139.4 mg/g,乙酸乙酯吸附量为60.8 mg/g; UIO-66具有最佳吸附性能归因于其以微孔为主的孔径结构，BET结果显示其微孔分布在0.5～1 nm之间，有利于小分子VOCs的吸附，展示出良好的应用潜力。     

废聚酯醇解条件的研究

研究了废PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)的醇解条件对产物的羟值及平均分子量的影响,表明在196～198℃时,m(乙二醇) m(PET)=2,催化剂醋酸锌用量为PET质量的1%,醇解3～3 5h,聚酯PET降解很彻底,产物羟值(以KOH计)可达368mg g以上,平均分子量在305以下,主要成分是对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯(BHET)单体及其低聚物。DSC和IR验证了产物的组成。      

从废弃容器回收PET单体

澳大利亚InnovationinPET公司在惜别年瑞士举行的“重复利用”国际会议上，介绍该公司开发的Renew法，从街头废弃的容器回收制造聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）用的对苯二甲酸（TPA）和乙二醇（EG），而不需要像醇解（methanolysis），酵解（glycolysis）和其他回收方法那样充分洗涤和预处理，即使规模为500t／a生产能力的小厂也能过经济关。在一个完整的1000t／a的工厂里，预计PET树脂的生产成本为别0美元八，对比起来，其市售价格则为1300美元八。该法是首先将切碎的塑料废弃物置于水力旋流器中，分离出纸屑和聚烯烃树脂，然后将塑料…     

聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的解聚研究进展

聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)是一种综合性能优良的热塑性工程塑料,广泛应用于汽车、电子电气、家电等领域。PBT消费率的迅速增长,带来了废弃物的剧增,使PBT塑料的循环利用和废物处理成为亟待解决的问题。文章综述了PBT回收利用技术的研究进展,包括热解法、超临界甲醇法、亚临界水解法,并对其优缺点进行了比较。PBT在超/亚临界甲醇和水中均可实现完全解聚,醇解产物主要为对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)和1,4-丁二醇(1,4-BD);水解产物主要为对苯二甲酸(TPA)和1,4-丁二醇(1,4-BD)。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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