新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

ERIC-PCR图谱分析生物栅填料生物膜微生物群落结构

采用以填料生物膜和水生植物为主体,以微生物、浮游植物、水生动物为要素的生物栅集成装置,处理上海市某一富营养化水体,实验采用6m³/d的中试规模,7个廊道并联运行,连续进出水.测试进出水的理化指标,并采用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术对生物栅填料生物膜微生物进行分析.结果显示,生物栅技术对富营养化水体的污染物降解效果显著,稳定运行后,采用设置生物栅的2～7号净化池的COD、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了20.7%～48.5%、20.1%～49.7%、39.8%～66.2%和60.0%～73.9%.水生植物有利于水体氮、磷的吸收和去除,设置水生植物的2号、5号、6号净化池对总氮去除率较未设置水生植物的3号、4号和7号净化池分别提高了30.1%、24.9%、17.6%,总磷的去除率也都提高了10%以上.ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析显示,设置水生植物的3个净化池微生物群落结构相似,且微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.指纹图谱在第2d、第15d、第30d的微生物多样性指数分别为1.89～2.22、2.17～2.43和2.28～2.68,平均相似系数分别为71.8%、86.9%和91.0%,表明随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,条带的相似性逐渐增加,系统中微生物种群趋于多样化,结构趋于稳定,污染物降解效率也同步提高.     

水生植物对富营养化水系统中氮、磷的富集与转移

基于人工模拟自然条件的方法,选取狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum L.)、水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)及黑麦草(Lolium perenne)等3种水生植物,对滇池入湖河道污水进行净化试验研究.探讨了水生植物对富营养化水体中氮、磷在不同相中的富集与转移效果.结果表明,沉积物相中,3种植物对氮的富集率为狐尾藻(64.71%)水芹菜(19.12%)黑麦草(5.88%)空白(-7.84%),磷的富集率为水芹菜(187.2%)狐尾藻(144.6%)黑麦草(130.5%)空白(31.2%);生物相中,氮的富集率为狐尾藻(4.15%)水芹菜(0.5%)黑麦草(-14.6%),磷的富集率为狐尾藻(9.6%)水芹菜(3.8%)黑麦草(-6.5%);水相中氮的去除率为黑麦草(95.11%)水芹菜(83.08%)狐尾藻(71.42%)空白(58.10%),磷的去除率为黑麦草(88.17%)狐尾藻(79.58%)水芹菜(73.09%)空白(20.19%).     

滦河上游4种水生植物的水质净化研究

在人工模拟自然条件下,对水生植物千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)、小香蒲(Typha minima)、水葱(Scirpus validus)、黄花鸢尾(Iris wilsonii)及其不同组合配置的水质净化效果进行了研究。结果表明:试验的各水生植物及其组合配置在总氮、硝态氮、总磷、正磷酸盐和化学耗氧量(TN、NO_3~-、TP、PO_4~(3-)、COD)上有净化效果,配置种植的净化效果优于单一种植。研究给出了各水质指标随时间变化的回归方程。千屈菜+黄花鸢尾组合50 d TN去除率和COD降低率分别为73.83%,77.4%,水质净化效果最佳;水葱+黄花鸢尾组合20 d NO_3~-去除率为89.41%;水葱+黄花鸢尾组合对总磷和PO_4~(3-)去除效果最好,50 d去除率分别达88.98%和92.39%,合理选用适应当地生态条件的水生植物及其组合配置,可用于河道水质改良。     

芦苇与香蒲对水中总磷总氮净化能力研究

通过开展芦苇与香蒲两种大型水生植物对水体的净化效果的动态研究,可以发现这两种植物均可以有效地去除水体中的TN与TP,去除率均在70％以上,其中芦苇的总体效果最好,对TN和TP的去除率分别为86.53％和78.17％;香蒲的去除率分别为72.05％和89.98％.经过试验期的净化作用,使原本处于劣V类水的水体质量提高到Ⅲ类水以上.证明这两种植物可以作为小型景观水体的净水植物.     

12种水生植物对茅洲河污染水体的净化研究

文章选取12种水生植物苦草、篦齿眼子菜、伊乐藻、水龙、蕹菜、节节草、芦苇、水葱、风车草、紫芋、水生美人蕉和梭鱼草为研究对象,于2018年10底至12月中旬在深圳市茅洲河中游河畔开展试验,对比研究其对河流污染水体的净化能力。结果表明,12种水生植物对茅洲河污染水体TN和COD的去除率差异显著(p<0.05),对TP和NH_3-N去除率差异不显著(p>0.05)。本土优势种水龙和节节草能快速生长、繁殖,且对TN、NH_3-N和TP具有较高的去除率,分别达86.0%、41.3%和95.1%以上,但是对COD的去除率较低。挺水植物紫芋表现出最强的综合水质净化能力,其对TN、NH_3-N、TP和COD的去除率分别为93.1%、98.1%、42.3%和80.8%,并能在较短时间内大幅降低水体中TN和NH_3-N浓度。水生美人蕉、水葱和芦苇等挺水植物也显示出较强的水质净化能力,可作为水质净化中的优选种类。伊乐藻、苦草和篦齿眼子菜3种沉水植物在试验过程中生长较缓慢,对TN和COD的去除率较低,但显示出较强的TP净化能力,TP去除率分别为48.6%、43.1%和42.9%,且能在较短时间内大幅降低水体TP浓度。     

水生植物净化中微生物变化及净化效果研究

水生植物是污水净化的主要执行者,人工湿地中水生植物的选择和配置是保证人工湿地净化功能的重要保障。实验选择了三种有代表性的水生植物:慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia)、大薸(Pistia stratiote)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)对富营养化水体进行净化研究,结果表明:(1)三种水生植物有较好的净化效果,对总氮(TN)的最大去除率慈姑为91.73%、大薸96.00%、穗状狐尾藻89.87%;对总磷(TP)的最大去除率慈姑为94.76%、大薸99.73%、穗状狐尾藻76.21%;(2)根际细菌的数量变化与TN的变化有一定的正相关性关系,TN的去除是微生物与水生植物共同作用的结果;(3)在净化过程中,供试水体中细菌的数量变化与TN呈负相关关系,与TP的相关性较低,供试水体细菌数量的减少表明水质有很大改善。     

水生植物对封闭式景观水体净化性能研究

模拟封闭式景观水体环境,以总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)含量为指标,对比研究5种水生植物对不同污染程度的景观水体净化效果。结果表明:5种水生植物均具有不同程度的净化水质能力;中华天胡荽对生活污水TN、TP、COD去除率分别为31%、84%、69%,对学院景观湖水TN、TP、COD去除率分别为52%、81%、83%;水葱对公园景观湖水TN、TP、COD去除率分别为75%、83%、78%;在TN和TP污染程度较高的水体中,中华天胡荽的净化效果好; TN和TP污染程度较低的水体中,水葱对其的净化效果好;在不同污染程度的水体中,中华天胡荽对COD指标均有较好的去除效果。     

城市污染河道水环境生态治理效应分析——以北京市丰台区葆李沟为例

根据对北京市丰台区葆李沟的污染特征的诊断分析结果,设计并实施了具有针对性的生态治理模式,包括截污清淤、延长水体驻停时间、设置生态滤床、重建水生植物系统、微生物系统构建、水生动物系统构建等综合措施。在生态治理模式稳定运行后,对河道内污染物的去除效果及河道生态系统恢复状况进行了跟踪研究。结果表明:研究期间生态治理模式对葆李沟污染状况的改善具有明显效果,研究段内COD平均去除率为66.45%±0.11%,TP平均去除率为39.36%±0.01%,NH3-N平均去除率为36.13%±0.03%;在水生植物净化区内,3种污染物的去除贡献率与水生植物生物量及温度呈显著正相关关系,COD与NH3-N的去除贡献率与溶解氧呈显著正相关关系;生态治理模式的实施对河道表观特征、水文、形态、水质及物种丰度等方面具有明显改善作用。     

净化水产养殖废水的藻种筛选

利用藻类净化水产养殖废水具有一定的实际意义,研究在室内模拟水产养殖环境获取水产养殖废水,选择蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻、月牙藻和螺旋鱼腥藻为实验藻种,接种于水产养殖废水,考察其对水体中氮、磷污染物的去除率,从而比较其净化水产养殖废水的能力,为水产养殖废水生物处理工艺藻种的筛选提供参考。结果表明:所选藻种均可去除无机氮和溶解性磷,最大去除率分别为51.9%、60.9%、43.3%、30.2%和22.7%、76.1%、54.6%、49.5%。但所选藻种对不同形态氮的吸收和去除效果各不相同,斜生栅藻去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率为64.8%,月牙藻去除氨氮效果最好,最大去除率为15.4%,螺旋鱼腥藻最容易去除亚硝酸盐氮,去除率最大达98.3%。不同藻类搭配用于水产养殖水质净化有很好的应用前景。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.