阴极电解液对Cd污染红壤电动修复的影响

针对土壤重金属电动修复过程中阴极电解室pH升高会对重金属的去除产生不利影响的问题,利用Fe3+/Fe2+、Cu2+/Cu标准电极电位较高的优势,以人工模拟Cd污染红壤为研究对象,对不同阴极电解液[Fe（NO₃）₃、CuSO₄、柠檬酸]的电动修复效果进行系统分析.结果表明:分别将Fe（NO₃）₃、CuSO₄、柠檬酸加入阴极电解室中,pH均控制在2~3,电动修复10 d后发现,将Fe（NO₃）₃溶液、CuSO₄溶液和柠檬酸作为阴极电解液均可以有效控制阴极室的pH,CuSO₄溶液、柠檬酸的加入对土壤中Cd的去除效果较差,而且Cu2+的加入增加了土壤重金属二次污染的风险.相对于CuSO₄、柠檬酸试验组,Fe（NO₃）₃试验组土壤中Cd的去除率较高（大于87.27%）,Fe（NO₃）₃试验组对土壤中Cd的修复效果也最为明显,土壤中w（Cd）由阴极附近的75.95 mg/kg降至阳极附近的9.13 mg/kg.分析电动修复后各试验组中不同形态Cd在Cd总量中所占比例的分析,结果显示,w（弱酸提取态Cd）所占比例由初始的74.57%最高可达到92.69%[Fe（NO₃）₃试验组],表明Fe（NO₃）₃的加入有助于促进土壤中Cd的迁移.研究显示,相比于CuSO₄溶液、柠檬酸,Fe（NO₃）₃溶液作为阴极电解液在控制阴极电解室pH升高的前提下,显著促进了土壤中Cd的解吸和迁移,并达到最佳修复效果.      

UV/H_2O_2/草酸高铁铵体系中孔雀石绿的光降解研究

研究了UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系下孔雀绿(Malachite green,MG)光降解过程中的影响因素,包括MG的初始浓度、初始pH值、投加H2O2浓度和草酸高铁铵浓度等。结果表明:MG初始浓度越低光降解越快,碱性条件有利于MG的降解,其最佳降解pH为11.0;随H2O2浓度的增加,MG降解率先增加后减少,在100mmol/L时,降解率最高;MG降解率随草酸高铁铵浓度增加而增加,于10.0mmol/L时MG降解率最高;UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系的降解效果较强,交叉实验结果表明H2O2:草酸高铁铵浓度比在1～20:1时降解率均高于。因此该体系具有快速、简单、经济并高效率等特点,可应用于染料废水的降解和脱色工艺中。     

UV/PMS体系硝基氯酚降解动力学及机理研究

采用紫外光(UV)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系可有效地氧化降解4-氯-2-硝基酚(4C2NP).考察了溶液pH值、底物初始浓度、PMS初始浓度和氯离子、硝酸根离子初始浓度对4C2NP降解效果的影响.在pH2~5时,体系中4C2NP的降解速率并未出现显著差异;随着pH值升高至近中性,其降解过程受到一定程度抑制.初始底物浓度和PMS浓度与体系中4C2NP的降解速率分别呈现负、正相关关系.外加氯离子对4C2NP降解呈现出双重作用,而硝酸盐离子对4C2NP降解抑制作用不显著.脱氯和脱硝过程是4C2NP主要的降解途径.被释放的氯离子会通过自由基反应进行再氯化过程,而脱落的硝基会很快被氧化生成稳定的硝酸盐,从而抑制了硝基的循环过程.最后,根据中间产物推断了4C2NP降解过程的反应机理.     

TiO2/硅藻土光催化氧化降解甲基橙的研究

使用经过预处理的硅藻土做载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备硅藻土负载二氧化钛光催化剂,利用XRD和EDS对其进行表征.通过分析光催化反应的主要影响因素,研究了硅藻土负载二氧化钛光催化剂对甲基橙的催化降解效果.结果表明：负载3次,在550℃焙烧2h,制备出的负载型催化剂催化活性较高,催化剂上的TiO2为锐钛矿结构.当催化剂投加量为lg/L,溶液初始浓度为15 mg/L,pH为3,H2O2为2 mmol/L时,对甲基橙的降解效果达到最佳.     

LED联合玻璃纤维光催化填料对苯酚的降解研究

以钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用浸渍提拉法制备了负载TiO₂的玻璃纤维光催化填料,考察溶液初始pH值、苯酚初始浓度、UV-LED消耗功率以及曝气强度对光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,在溶液pH=3、苯酚初始浓度为10mg/L、UV-LED输出功率为2.968W,曝气强度为1.8L/min时,光催化反应装置对苯酚的降解率可达97.05%,降解过程遵循准一级反应动力学.此外,该反应装置的能耗较低,催化剂负载的牢固性较好.     

Studies on catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater

Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated. Pd-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by impregnation and characterized by brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution (100 mg/L) and the removal efficiency was 87%. The catalytic activity was affected by pH, catalyst amount used, concentration of sodium formate, and initial concentration of nitrate. As sodium formate was used as reductant, precise control in the initial pH was needed. Excessively high or low initial pH (7.0 or 3.0) reduced catalytic activity. At initial pH of 4.5, catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst, while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N₂ selectivity. In which case, catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(4): 567–571 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

磁性Fen+@GO非均相Fenton催化氧化亚甲基蓝

采用化学共沉淀法制备了磁性Feⁿ⁺@GO（MFGO）纳米复合材料,并将其用于非均相Fenton催化氧化亚甲基蓝（MB）.扫描电镜、透射电镜和光电子能谱分析表明,催化活性粒子（Feⁿ⁺/铁氧化物）成功负载在GO表面.实验研究了pH值、H₂O₂初始浓度、催化剂投加量等因素对MB降解效果的影响.结果表明,H₂O₂、MFGO和H₂O₂+MFGO体系在反应120min后,MB降解率分别达到7.83%、25.58%和99.19%;在优化条件为H₂O₂浓度0.79mol/L、MFGO用量0.75g/L、pH值8时,MB降解率可达99.90%;在pH值为3~11范围内,MB降解率均在99%以上;MFGO经过6次重复使用后对MB的降解率仍可达到95.08%,是一种pH值响应宽、可磁分离回收的新型非均相催化剂.     

处理垃圾渗滤液的Fe/C空气阴极MFC性能研究

用浸渍法制得硝酸铁/活性炭粉催化剂,通过吸附法将催化剂吸附到碳毡上制作Fe/C催化剂碳毡空气阴极电极.通过改变初始活性炭粉投加量和硝酸铁浓度,考察了两者对以垃圾渗滤液为燃料的MFC产电性能影响;通过循环伏安测试,对不同硝酸铁浓度下自制阴极电极性能进行了评价;在最佳催化条件下考察了装置运行稳定性;并对不同进水COD浓度下同步产电和污水净化性能进行了研究.结果表明,随着活性炭粉投加量或硝酸铁浓度的增加,MFC产电性能均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;当活性炭粉投加量为1 g且硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时,电池性能最佳,功率密度为4 199.8 mW.m-3,表观内阻为465Ω;在硝酸铁和活性炭粉最佳比范围内,MFC的内阻和功率密度分别随着催化剂量的增加而减小和增加;循环伏安测试进一步表明,硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时放电容量最大,且性能稳定;在最佳催化条件下,随着进水COD浓度的增加,MFC产电性能增加,功率密度达5 478.92 mW.m-3,同时COD去除量也增加,最大为1 505.2 mg.L-1,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率最大达89.1%.     

类芬顿催化剂Cu-Co-Fe金属氧化物的制备及其对典型难降解有机物的去除

针对典型难生物降解污染物,为强化其在废水处理中的降解去除,开展了合成类芬顿催化剂及其对安替比林（ANT）及染料降解特性的研究。水热法合成的Cu_1-xCo_xFe₂O₄金属氧化物催化剂是一种具有尖晶石立方结构的磁性材料,比表面积为147.3~187.5 m2/g,饱和磁化值为17.2~62.3 EMU/g。随着Co含量逐渐增加,催化剂的催化活性有明显提高。所得最佳Cu_0.25Co_0.75Fe₂O₄催化剂的适用pH值为7~9,ANT初始浓度为50 mg/L,催化剂投加量为0.7 g/L和H₂O₂投加量为150 mmol/L的条件下,当反应初始pH=7时,对ANT去除率为93.1%;pH=9时去除率达到94.7%。不同类型的难降解有机物,如罗丹明B和酸性橙Ⅱ在该催化剂催化作用下也可实现有效降解。催化剂通过磁性回收再利用5次循环后,ANT去除率仍保持在80%以上,表明催化剂具有较好的稳定性和重复使用性。研究合成的类芬顿催化剂为高效去除废水中的难降解有机物提供了科学依据。     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-HCH contaminated soil induced by α-Fe2O3 and TiO2

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH on soil surfaces was carded out to evaluate the photocatalytic effectiveness of α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 toward degrading γ-HCH on soil surfaces. After being spiked with γ-HCH, soil samples were loaded with α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 and exposed to UV-light irradiation. Different catalyst loads, 0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (wt.)α-Fe2O3 ; 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2:(Wt.)TiO2, were tested for up to 7 d irradiation. The effects of soil thickness, acidity, and humic substances were also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the γ-HCH photodegradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 accelerates the photodegradation of γ-HCH, while the photodegradation rate decreases when the content of α-Fe2O3 exceeds 7% (wt.).The degradation rate increases with the soil pH value. Humic substances inhibit the photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH., and trichlorobenzene are detected as photodegradation intermediates, which are gradually degraded with the photodegradation evolution.     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙7

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N₂吸附、 SEM、 FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO^－4 ·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7). 考察了Ag负载量、 PS浓度、 Ag/GAC投加量、 初始pH对AO7降解效果的影响. 结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7 mg ·g^-1、 n(PS) :n(AO7)为120 :1、 Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g ·L^-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上. 初始pH对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,pH为5.0时降解效果最优. 通过紫外可见光谱、 气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

中性pH条件下Fe/Cu/沸石催化非均相Fenton降解水中苯并三唑

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe/Cu/沸石非均相Fenton催化剂,并利用XPS和SEM等技术进行了表征;优化了中性pH下催化降解水中苯并三唑的反应条件,并考察了材料的重复使用性能;讨论了催化氧化降解BTA的机理。结果表明,催化剂中Fe、Cu纳米粒子呈颗粒状均匀分布于沸石颗粒表面,主要成分为Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄和CuO。在中性pH条件下,苯并三唑降解的最佳条件为:H₂O₂浓度0.08 mol/L,催化剂用量0.41 g/L,反应时间43.6 min,且该催化剂稳定性最佳。催化降解过程中,Fe和Cu协同参与Fenton反应产生·OH,实现了污染物的高效去除。     

Remediation of sulfidic wastewater by catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution by hydrogen peroxide was investigated in the presence of hydrated ferric oxide catalyst. The ferric oxide catalyst was synthesized by sol gel technique from ferric chloride and ammonia. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray di raction analysis, scanning electrom microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The catalyst was quite e ective in oxidizing the sulfide by hydrogen peroxide. The e ects of sulfide concentration, catalyst loading, H2O2 dosing and temperature on the kinetics of sulfide oxidation were investigated. Kinetic equations and activation energies for the catalytic oxidation reaction were calculated based on the experimental results.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-HCH contaminated soil induced by α-Fe2O3 and TiO2

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH on soil surfaces was carried out to evaluate the photocatalytic effectiveness of α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 toward degrading γ-HCH on soil surfaces. After being spiked with γ-HCH, soil samples were loaded with α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 and exposed to UV-light irradiation. Different catalyst loads(0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (wt). α-Fe2O3; 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% wt. TiO2) were tested for up to 7 d irradiation. The effects of soil thickness, acidity, and humic substances were also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the γ-HCH photodegradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 accelerates the photodegradation of γ-HCH, while the photodegradation rate decreases when the content of α-Fe2O3 exceeds 7%(wt.). The degradation rate increases with the soil pH value. Humic substances inhibit the photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH. Pentachlorocyclohexene, tetrachlorocyclohexene, and trichlorobenzene are detected as photodegradation intermediates, which are gradually degraded with the photodegradation evolution.     

纳米Fe3C/炭纤维非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷的研究

针对结构稳定且难以靠常规方法去除的二甲基砷,制备新型负载Fe_3C纳米粒子的炭纤维催化剂,并对其非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷进行了研究.结果表明,纳米Fe_3C/CF与阴极产生的H2O2发生电芬顿催化反应产生羟基自由基将二甲基砷降解为一甲基砷和As(V),As(V)可被同步吸附在Fe_3C/CF催化剂表面.通过考察电催化过程中初始p H、反应物初始浓度、电流强度和催化剂投加量等因素对催化氧化DMA效果的影响,表明在初始p H为3,二甲基砷初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),Fe_3C/CF投量为500 mg·L~(-1)的最佳条件下,经非均相电芬顿反应360 min后,二甲基砷去除率高达96%.     

TeO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液的研究

采用自制的TeO2 掺杂TiO2 作为催化剂 ,研究了各种因素对TeO2 掺杂TiO2 催化超声降解甲基橙的影响。研究结果表明在TeO2掺杂TiO2 作用下超声降解甲基橙的效果明显优于非掺杂TiO2 的情况。 1 .5 %掺杂的催化剂用量在 1 .5～ 2 .0g/L之间 ,超声波频率 2 5kHz,输出功率 1 .0w/cm2 ,pH为 1 .0～ 3 .0时 ,初始浓度 2 0mg/L的条件 ,80min基本可全部降解 ,COD的去除率也达到了 99.0 %。     

铁盐改性石英砂的制备及其吸附Cu^2＋性能研究

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高石英砂的吸附效率,考察其对废水中的Cu2＋去除效果。以石英砂为载体,分别用反复高温加热法和反复碱性沉积法制备三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂,测定了2种方法制备的铁盐改性砂的表面含铁量、铁盐的酸稳定性及比表面积,并比较了2种铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋吸附效果。结果表明,三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂的比表面积分别为2.468 m2/g和4.247 m2/g,比石英原砂比表面积分别提高了6.910和12.612倍;在pH=6条件下,石英砂对Cu2＋去除率为39%左右,硝酸铁改性砂对Cu2＋去除率达到84%,氯化铁改性砂达到89%以上,铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋去除能力比原砂有很大的提高;铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋的吸附有一定的容量,表面的活性中心越多,吸附能力越大。     

Dissimilatory reduction of FeIII (EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption

In the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption, it is an obstacle that ferrous absorbents are easily oxidized by oxygen in the flue gas to ferric counterparts, which are not capable of binding NO. By adding iron metal or electrochemical method, Fe^Ⅲ (EDTA) can be reduced to Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA).However, there are various drawbacks associated with these techniques. The dissimilatory reduction of Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal by metal chelate absorption was investigated. Ammonium salt instead of nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, as nitrates inhibited the reduction of Fe^Ⅲ due to the competition between the two electron acceptors. Supplemental glucose and lactate stimulated the formation of Fe^Ⅱ more than ethanol as the carbon sources. The microorganisms cultured at 50~C were not very sensitive to the other experimental temperature, the reduction percentage of Fe^Ⅲ varied little with the temperature range of 30-50℃.Concentrated Na2 CO3 solution was added to adjust the solution pH to an optimal pH range of 6-7. The overall results revealed that the dissimilatory ferric reducing microorganisms present in the mix-culture are probably neutrophilic, moderately thermophiUc Fe^Ⅲ reducers.     

Photocatalytic degradation of L-acid by TiO2 supported on the activated carbon

Introduction Aromatic sulfonic acid, which is produced in large amounts in chemical industry since the end of 19th century, has been widely applied in many industrial processes, including the various steps of procedure (Alonso and Barcelo, 2000). Naphthalene- sulfonic acids are of importance as dye intermediates and commonly used in the textile auxiliary industry employing many azo dyes and pigments. Among them, 1-naphthol-5-sulphonic acid (L-acid) is widely used in the printing as the raw ma…     

十溴联苯醚的热解及其影响因素研究

在200~300℃的温度范围内研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的热降解及其影响因素.结果表明,温度、时间以及硝酸铜、三氯化铁、氯化铝和氯化锌等处理线路板过程中产生的金属盐对BDE-209热降解有不同的影响.升高温度或延长热解时间均能促进BDE-209的热解,且温度对BDE-209降解的影响程度大于时间对其降解的影响;硝酸铜、三氯化铁和氯化铝对BDE-209的热解均起促进作用,促进作用的顺序为:硝酸铜 >三氯化铁 >氯化铝;氯化锌对BDE-209的热解有抑制作用;随着温度的升高,氯化铝和氯化锌对BDE-209热降解的影响减弱.该研究结果可为深入探究电子垃圾热处理过程中BDE-209的释放及降解提供科学依据.