黄河三角洲附近海域浮游动物多样性研究

以文献资料和定性调查相结合的方法，综合分析了黄河三角洲附近海域浮游动物物种多样性；以定量调查结果，探讨了浮游动物多样度以及与均度、单纯度之间的关系。结果表明： 该海域浮游动物物种占中国海的５－７ ％ ，占渤海的５１－７％ ；浮游动物多样度在０－１０ ～２－２８ 之间，均度在０－０２～０－９７ 之间，单纯度在０－１４ ～０－９９ 之间；多样度与均度呈显著的正相关，与单纯度呈显著的负相关。     

黄河三角洲附近海域底栖动物多样性及其保护措施

在对黄河王角洲附近海域３０个站点底栖动物调查基础上，辅以文献资料法，综合分析了底栖动物物种多样性，研究了生物多样度以及与均度、单纯度之间的关系，并提出了保护底栖动物多样性的措施。结果表明：该海域共记录底栖动物２２２种，物种较为丰富；生物多样度为０～４．４２，均度为０～２．０１，单纯度为０．１１～１．００；多样度与均度呈显著的正相关，与单纯度呈显著的负相关。     

粤西海域浮游植物种类的动态变化及多样性

根据1998～1999年4个航次粤西海域浮游植物的调查资料，分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、季节变化和平面分布特征，并对浮游植物的多样性水平进行了初步评价。结果显示，调查期间共鉴定浮游植物267种，其种类组成以细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)的数量最多，占总数量的29．5％，其次为短角弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)，占21．8％。不同季节浮游植物的优势种即有交叉又有演替。根据多样性阈值的评价，粤西海域绝大部分沿岸水域的浮游植物均处于多样性差或一般水平，而离岸水域基本处于多样性丰富或非常丰富水平。     

深圳湾海域浮游植物的生态特征

根据香港环境保护署2006年1～12月份深圳湾浮游植物的监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域浮游植物的植物群落结构的时空变化特征及浮游植物多样性指数与环境因子的关系.结果表明,2006年在深圳湾海域共鉴定出浮游植物27属34种,主要类群是硅藻,占总种数的52.94%,其次是甲藻,占总种数的29.41%,其他藻类占总种数的17.65%.浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动范围在2.13×106～4.15×106cells/L之间,平均值为2.92×106cells/L,并且在秋季(10月)最高,春季(5月)次之,呈明显的双周期变化特征,平面分布表现为由海湾中部向湾口处递减的格局.浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度偏低,其中多样性指数变化范围在0.76～2.52之间,均匀度范围在0.29～0.74之间,反映出种类间个体数分布欠均匀,群落结构稳定性差,优势种优势度明显.研究海区物种丰度整体水平较低,浮游植物物种丰度指数变化范围在0.57～2.17之间,这与深圳湾海域水质污染严重而导致该海域生态环境恶化有一定关系.研究还表明,营养盐、盐度和溶解氧与浮游植物多样性指数之间呈现显著相关关系.     

利用光合色素研究厦门海域超微型浮游植物群落结构

应用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)方法对厦门海域9个站位水样进行分析，对色素数据进行换算，结果表明在厦门海域超微型浮游植物优势类群是绿薰，而总浮游植物优势类群是硅藻；超微型浮游植物对总浮游植物生物量贡献为总生物量1．5％～11％，超微型粒级细胞在一些类群中(绿藻、金藻)中占有很大比重。在超微型浮游类群组成中没有甲藻纲，而蓝藻丰度也非常低。超微型浮游植物组成结构厦门港富营养化水域呈单优势类群结构，在九龙江河口区域受冲淡水与陆源成分影响。结构较为复杂。     

钦州湾近20a来水环境指标的变化趋势V．浮游植物生物量的分布及其影响因素

利用钦州湾20a（1983～2003年）来10个航次的调查分析资料，分析了该湾浮游植物的分布变化及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：该湾在开发初、中期，浮游植物生物量呈明显上升趋势，相应的营养盐除N明显上升外，均下降显著；在开发盛期，以Chl．a表征的浮游植物生物量则呈明显下降趋势，相应的营养盐仍以N明显上升的趋势出现，而P和Si则保持了相对稳定状态。相关分析显示，开发初期，浮游植物突出了与直接消费者一浮游动物的显著正相关关系；开发中期，浮游植物与环境因子的相关几率明显增加，尤以秋季最好；在开发盛期前期，Chl．a只与COD呈显著的负相关关系，而在中期，无论秋季还是冬季，Chl．a与环境因子的关系均较密切，多在95％置信水平上。这种相关特性的出现，代表了不同时期海湾的水环境特征。     

青堆子湾的近岸海域与养殖池塘四个季节的浮游植物调查与研究

在2011~2012年对青堆子湾的近岸海域与养殖池塘进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的浮游植物调查。青堆子湾的近岸海域共采集到浮游植物61种,分属于2门16科21属,养殖池塘共采集到浮游植物53种,分属于3门16科20属,硅藻是调查区域浮游植物的主要类群。夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、小细柱藻(Leptocylindrus minimus)和威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)在夏、秋、冬3个季节均作为优势种出现,近岸海域的优势度均高于养殖池塘,夏、秋两季近岸海域的优势度达到90%以上。近岸海域的浮游植物生物量高于养殖池塘,秋季相差近683倍。通过对群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数的分析,近岸海域比养殖池塘的生物多样性和丰富度高,春季浮游植物的群落多样性相对比其他季节稍高,夏季最低。     

夏季庙岛群岛南部海域浮游植物多样性分布及其影响因子

于 2013年 8 月对庙岛群岛南部海域的浮游植物和环境因子进行了调查,并采用香农-维纳指数、物种均匀度以及丰富度指数,对该海域的浮游植物种类组成、多样性的分布以及优势种等进行了分析。共发现浮游植物41种,其中硅藻21种,甲藻19种,硅藻和甲藻是浮游植物种类组成的主要部分。各站获得物种数在2~17种之间。研究发现,在物种数、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数方面,表层水的数值都比底层水高。本研究对浮游植物物种数、多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和环境因子进行了Pearson相关性分析,结果表明COD、叶绿素a(Chl a)和总磷(TP)是影响庙岛群岛南部海域夏季浮游植物物种数和丰富度的主要因素。ABC曲线研究结果表明,夏季底层水样中受中度干扰的站位较多,且多集中在庙岛海峡。     

流沙湾海域浮游植物群落结构的时空变化

根据2006～2007年4个航次对流沙湾海域浮游植物的调查资料,分析了该海域浮游植物的物种组成及时空分布、优势种及季节演替、总细胞数的时空分布、多样性指数和均匀度以及浮游植物与环境因子之间的关系.结果显示,调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物65属159种,隶属4个门.主要生态类群有广温种和暖水种,优势种季节更替明显,菱形海线藻(...     

气相色谱法测定废水中的氯化苄

用苯萃取废水中的氯化苄，经毛细管柱ＧＣ／ＦＩＤ测定，以保留时间定性，峰高定量。本法具有快速、灵敏和较好的精密度与准确度等优点。氯化苄平均浓度为２．２９～１０．７９ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ时，其相对偏差在２．１％ ～３．８％ 之间，ＣＶ在４．１％ ～６．４％ 之间，标准差在０．０３～０．２ ｍ ｇ 之间，标准曲线的相关系数为０．９９９。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.