铅在五指山猪组织器官中的分布与积累研究

研究了铅在五指山猪（WZSP）组织器官中的分布与累积,及饲料铅含量与组织器官中铅含量的关系.将20头五指山猪随机分为5组,分别饲喂含铅量为0.046 mg·kg-1（Ⅰ组）、6.790 mg·kg-1（Ⅱ组）、17.370 mg·kg-1（Ⅲ组）、53.600 mg·kg-1（Ⅳ组）、154.000 mg·kg-1（Ⅴ组）的饲料,持续喂养100d.屠宰后取心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺、胃、小肠、大肠、猪耳、猪舌、猪尾、里脊肉、肋排肉、股骨骨质、股骨骨髓、肋骨和猪毛,测定其中的铅含量.结果表明, 肝脏、肾脏、股骨骨质、股骨骨髓、肋骨、猪毛等组织器官的铅含量随攻毒剂量的提高而明显上升,且与饲料中的铅含量呈正相关;当饲喂铅含量低于国家标准（5mg·kg-1）时,这些组织器官内的铅含量仍有可能超标.心脏、肺、胃、大肠、里脊肉、猪舌、猪尾中的铅含量与饲料中的铅含量没有相关性,即使饲喂铅含量超过国家标准30倍以上的饲料（铅含量154.000mg·kg-1）,这些组织器官的铅含量仍低于国家限量标准.骨组织、肝脏、肾脏对铅有着较强的富集能力,而猪肉、猪耳、猪舌、猪尾、猪心、猪肺等其它组织器官中的铅累积量低于限量标准.本研究旨在为制定猪肉制品,特别是可食用组织器官的铅限量标准提供理论依据,同时,为禽畜可食用组织器官的重金属风险评估提供参考.     

四溴双酚A在5种巢湖鱼类体内的组织分布与生物浓缩因子研究

利用SPE-HPLC法,分析了四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖5种经济鱼类体内的组织分布及生物浓缩因子.结果表明,TBBPA在5种鱼体内的平均含量（以干重计）为4.70～11.20 ng.g-1,高低排序为白鱼〉白鲢〉鳙鱼〉鲤鱼〉长吻鮠.不同器官中,白鱼、鳙鱼、鲤鱼和长吻鮠的肾脏中TBBPA含量最高,其次为肝脏和鳃,腹部和背部组织含量较低,无显著脂肪蓄积效应.白鲢体内肝脏的TBBPA含量最高,肾脏和鳃次之.对白鱼各组织中TBBPA含量与体重间的相关关系分析表明,肝脏、肾脏和鳃中TBBPA浓度随体重的增加而增大,而背部、腹部无显著相关关系.同时测得巢湖水体中TBBPA平均浓度为0.52μg.L-1,计算得到5种鱼的生物浓缩因子为9.56～22.64,表明TBBPA在巢湖鱼体中的浓缩效应不显著.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.     

北部湾文蛤对石油烃和多氯联苯的氧化应激响应

为探讨海域现场双壳类动物对有机污染物积累的抗氧化响应,在北部湾潮间带11个采样点采集文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)样品,测定其软组织中w(TPHs)(TPHs为石油烃)、w(PCBs)(PCBs为多氯联苯)以及鳃、内脏中GSH(还原型谷胱甘肽),GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)、GST(谷胱甘肽转硫酶)、TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸反应物)7种氧化应激物的水平,分析其空间分布特征,并进行有机污染物含量与氧化应激物响应值之间的相关性分析. 结果表明:文蛤软组织中w(TPHs)和w(PCBs)分别为78.22~300.71μg/g和4.23~26.68ng/g,最大值均出现在S10采样点(防城港西湾);内脏中CAT活性较高,其他氧化应激物均在鳃中有较高水平. 与对照采样点S1(湛江流沙湾)相比,S2、S3、S6、S10、S11等5个采样点文蛤组织内SOD、CAT、GST、GPx、GSH水平较低;大多数采样点文蛤鳃中w(GSSG)较低,而S3、S4、S6、S7、S9、S11等6个采样点文蛤内脏中w(GSSG)较高;大多数采样点文蛤组织中TBARS含量较低,表明其抗氧化防御机能尚未丧失. TPHs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的w(GSSG) (R=-0.64,P<0.05),PCBs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的GPx(R=-0.72,P<0.05)和GST(R=-0.72,P<0.05)的活性,表明w(GSSG)及GPx和GST的活性可作为指示北部湾有机污染的生物标志物.      

四溴双酚A在鲫鱼不同器官中的分布、富集及病理研究

研究了将鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)长期暴露于不同浓度的四溴双酚A(TBBPA)后的器官组织分布和浓缩富集系数,同时对不同暴露时间的鲫鱼不同器官病理切片进行了观察.结果显示,各浓度组鲫鱼肝脏和肾脏的TBBPA含量都表现出先升高后下降的趋势,鳃和肌肉中TBBPA含量只有在高浓度时呈现相同的趋势.病理切片显示鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和鳃等器官组织均表现出时间-剂量依赖性的病理损伤,在相同暴露浓度下,雄鱼的性腺损伤程度高于雌鱼.     

磷石膏浸出液对斑马鱼的急性毒性及氧化应激损伤

以斑马鱼（Danio rerio）为受试鱼种,研究了磷石膏浸出液对水生生物的急性毒性及亚致死浓度下对斑马鱼肝脏、肌肉和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和丙二醛（MDA）的影响,以及96 h后肝脏和鳃组织病理变化.结果表明,磷石膏浸出液中总磷、氟化物和Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg浓度超出地表水V类水标准,其对斑马鱼的毒性较强,96 h半数致死浓度（LC₅₀）为6.5%（体积分数）.慢性毒性实验显示,随暴露时间延长,各组织内3种抗氧化酶活性变化趋势不完全一致,但高浓度（0.65%和3.25%）暴露后期（72 h和96 h）几乎均受到显著抑制,其中,SOD对浸出液的敏感性最高;MDA含量变化规律较为一致,随浸出液浓度增加而升高,肝脏、肌肉和鳃中MDA最高含量均出现在72 h,分别是空白对照组的1.8、1.6和2.1倍,至96 h时略有降低,但仍显著高于对照组.各浓度组暴露96 h后,肝细胞窦间隙扩大,肝巨噬细胞增多,细胞核固缩,部分细胞质空泡化,组织水肿;鳃组织出现上皮细胞增生、脱落,鳃丝充血,鳃小片弯曲变形等现象.综上,未加处理的磷石膏浸出液已超出斑马鱼耐受极限,任其排入环境具有潜在的生态风险.     

纳米塑料和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性

以斑马鱼为供试生物,采用半静态实验法,将其分别暴露于5mg/L聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs),1、10和100μg/L砷(As)单一及其复合污染中7d,探讨PS-NPs影响下As在斑马鱼肝脏、肠道、鳃和肌肉组织中的积累,肝脏和鳃中PS-NPs的荧光强度和应激响应.结果表明:PS-NPs能在斑马鱼的肝脏和鳃中富集,且促进As在斑马鱼各组织中的积累.在5mg/L PS-NPs和100μg/L As复合污染下,肝脏、鳃、肠道和肌肉组织的As含量较As单一暴露时分别上升了35.18%、147.33%、163.12%和66.96%. PS-NPs和As的共同暴露导致肝脏的GST和GPx活性增加, MDA含量减少,氧化胁迫减弱.而鳃的GSH含量和GST活性减少,MDA含量增加,氧化胁迫增强.高浓度(100μg/L)As叠加PS-NPs后,鳃中AChE活性显著降低.相比单一As胁迫,混合暴露导致肝脏和鳃中gpx, Mn-sod, Cu/Zn-sod和ache表达量下降, PS-NPs的存在能降低As对斑马鱼氧化应激和神经毒性相关基因的诱导表达量.     

鲍类寄生性病害研究进展

概括近10 a来国内外鲍鱼寄生性病害的研究进展,寄生生物包括原核生物中的纤毛虫、单孢子虫、球虫、帕金虫和盘蜷虫,线形动物门中的颚口类线虫,环节动物门中的缨鳃类多毛虫和钻壳海稚虫类多毛虫,扁形动物门中的吸虫后囊蚴等,涉及寄生生物的种类分布、流行状况、组织病理学和症状及诊断和控制等,同时对我国鲍类寄生性病害研究提出展望.     

大庆湖泊群水体和淡水鱼中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评估

2012年2~4月采集大庆湖泊群18个典型湖泊30个水体和36个鱼体样品,并对水体和5种鱼组织(鱼鳃、肝脏、鱼脑、肾脏和肌肉)样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度进行分析测定.结果显示,水中PAHs总量为0.2~1.21μg·L-1,浓度最高值出现在月亮泡.利用统计学聚类分析方法对18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度进行分类,并进一步应用PAHs比值分析和物种敏感性分布模型对不同湖泊组湖泊水体PAHs分别进行来源分析和生态风险评估.结果表明,18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度统一聚类分成4个湖泊组,其中月亮泡(YLP)和东大海(DDH)两个湖泊分别单独成一类,其他14个湖泊被聚类分为XHH组和DQSK组两个湖泊组.湖泊水体中PAHs除了YLP组主要来自石油污染,其他湖泊PAHs的输入均为木柴和煤燃烧所致.根据国际和国内地表水环境质量标准,大庆湖泊群4个湖泊组水体PAHs浓度水平均有不同程度超标.其中YLP组和XHH组大部分水样中PAHs浓度超出美国环保署(US EPA)规定的16种PAHs限量值,尤其YLP组中致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘浓度已经超过了我国地表水环境质量标准;而DQSK组和DDH组也有少量几种PAHs超出水质标准.大庆湖泊群鲤鱼种和鲢鱼种5种组织器官内16种PAHs浓度检测结果及统计分析结果显示,除鲤鱼鳃中的蒽浓度显著高于鲢鱼鳃,其他15种PAHs在两类鱼种中无显著差异.而同鱼种不同组织器官中PAHs浓度存在明显差异性,肝脏和肾脏作为污染物外源传播的主要器官,其浓度明显高于肌肉、鳃和脑组织中PAHs的浓度,是PAHs在鱼体内累积的重要器官.对水生生物的生态风险和淡水鱼消费健康风险评估结果显示,4个典型湖泊组水体中PAHs对水生生物生态风险均较小,鲤鱼和鲢鱼鱼肉消费也均无饮食健康风险.     

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.     

Deviance partitioning of host factors affecting parasitization in the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus)

Deviance partitioning can provide new insights into the ecology of host-parasite interactions. We studied the host-related factors influencing parasite prevalence, abundance, and species richness in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from northern Spain. We defined three groups of explanatory variables: host environment, host population, and individual factors. We hypothesised that parasite infection rates and species richness were determined by different host-related factors depending on the nature of the parasite (endo- or ectoparasite, direct or indirect life cycle). To assess the relative importance of these components, we used deviance partitioning, an innovative approach. The explained deviance (ED) was higher for parasite abundance models, followed by those of prevalence and then by species richness, suggesting that parasite abundance models may best describe the host factors influencing parasitization. Models for parasites with a direct life cycle yielded higher ED values than those for indirect life cycle ones. As a general trend, host individual factors explained the largest proportion of the ED, followed by host environmental factors and, finally, the interaction between host environmental and individual factors. Similar hierarchies were found for parasite prevalence, abundance, and species richness. Individual factors comprised the most relevant group of explanatory variables for both types of parasites. However, host environmental factors were also relevant in models for indirect life-cycle parasites. These findings are consistent with the idea of the host as the main habitat of the parasite; whereas, for indirect life-cycle parasites, transmission would be also modulated by environmental conditions. We suggest that parasitization can be used not only as an indicator of individual fitness but also as an indicator of environmental quality for the host. This research underlines the importance of monitoring parasite rates together with environmental, population, and host factors.     

Knowing your enemies: seasonal dynamics of host–social parasite recognition

Despite its evolutionary significance, behavioural flexibility of social response has rarely been investigated in insects. We studied a host–social parasite system: the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens and its host Formica rufibarbis. Free-living host workers from parasitized and from unparasitized areas were compared in their level of aggression against the parasite and alien conspecifics. We expected that a seasonal change would occur in the acceptance threshold of F. rufibarbis workers from a parasitized area towards the parasite, whereas F. rufibarbis workers from an unparasitized area would not show substantial changes connected with the parasites peak in activity (raiding and colony-founding season). The results showed a significant adaptive behavioural flexibility of host species workers and are consistent with the acceptance threshold models (Reeve 1989) prediction that recognition systems are not fixed but context-dependent. In particular, host workers from the unparasitized area were highly aggressive towards the parasite regardless of the season, whereas host workers from the parasitized area significantly increased their aggression towards the parasite during its raiding and colony-founding season. Being able to detect and possibly kill a Polyergus scout searching for host nests can be an effective strategy for a Formica colony to avoid being raided or usurped by a parasite queen.     

The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza on change of heavy metal speciation in rhizosphere of maize in wastewater irrigated agriculture soil

To understand the roles of mycorrhiza in metal speciation in the rhizosphere and the impact on increasing host plant tolerance against excessive heavy metals in soil, maize ( Zea mays L. ) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ( Glomus mosseae) was cultivated in heavy metal contaminated soil. Speciations of copper, zinc and lead in the soil were analyzed with the technique of sequential extraction. The results showed that, in comparison to the bolked soil, the exchangeable copper increased from 26% to 43% in non-infected and AM-infected rhizoshpere respectively; while other speciation (organic, carbonate and Fe-Mn oxide copper) remained constant and the organic bound zinc and lead also increased but the exchangeable zinc and lead were undetectable. The organic bound copper, zinc end lead were higher by 15%, 40% and 20%, respectively, in the rhizosphere of arbuscular mycorrhiza infected maize in comparison to the non-infected maize. The results might indicate that mycorrhiza could protect its host plants from the phytotoxicity of excessive copper, zinc and lead by changing the speciation from bio-available to the non-bio-available form. The fact that copper and zinc accumulation in the roots and shoots of mycorrhia infected plants were significantly lower than those in the non-infected plants might also suggest that mycorrhiza efficiently restricted excessive copper and zinc absorptions into the host plants. Compared to the non-infected seedlings, the lead content of infected seedlings was 60% higher in shoots. This might illustrate that mycorrhiza have a different mechanism for protecting its host from excessive lead phytotoxicity by chelating lead in the shoots.     

硝基苯灌胃致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨硝基苯对小鼠多器官的蛋白质氧化损伤程度,采用不同剂量的硝基苯对小鼠进行灌胃染毒(每天1次,共30 d),用2,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠组织蛋白质羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的损伤程度.结果显示,各组织空白对照和油对照组间差异均不显著(p＞0.05),随着染毒剂量的增加,肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和心脏的蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,脑组织只在高剂量组表现明显升高趋势;低剂量组与油对照组相比,只有肝脏蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05);中、高剂量组与油对照组相比,各组织蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,低剂量硝基苯可以对细胞蛋白质产生氧化损伤作用,并且随着染毒剂量的增加,小鼠各组织蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,蛋白质氧化损伤程度加重.     

不同汞暴露水平地区鱼组织中汞和硒及其它元素的相关性

用仪器中子活化分析法测定了贵州汞污染地区和北京地区(对照)鱼肝脏和肌肉组织中硒及其它多种元素的含量,用原子荧光法测定了样品中汞的含量,并对汞和硒及其它元素间的相关性进行了研究.结果发现,贵州和北京鱼样的绝大多数元素在肝脏和肌肉中的含量都存在显著性差异,且大多是肝脏中的含量大于肌肉中的含量.贵州汞污染地区鱼肝中的汞含量要比北京的高25倍,而前者鱼肌肉中的汞含量也要比后者高5倍,但未发现两地鱼样中的硒存在类似的差异.对鱼组织中所测定的其它大部分元素未见两地间存在显著性差异.在汞含量较低的情况下,鱼组织中汞与硒的摩尔比值随汞含量的增加而增加,但当汞含量增大到一定程度,汞与硒的摩尔比值的变化趋势就大大减弱,并趋于某一较高的恒定值(约0.2).研究同一元素在鱼肝和肌肉中的相关性,仅发现溴、铷2个元素在鱼肝和鱼肌肉中有较强的线性正相关.在贵州和北京两地的鱼肝和肌肉组织中,虽然有不少元素间存在一定的相关性,但贵州鱼肌肉的汞与硒之间存在的相关性最强,贵州鱼肝的汞与硒间也存在较强的相关性;而在北京鱼组织中,仅鱼肝的汞与硒之间存在一定的相关性,鱼肌肉的汞与硒之间却未见有相关性存在.这一结果再次证实了汞暴露水平越高,硒对汞毒性的拮抗作用越明显.观察到的鱼组织中钾与钠,铯与铷等元素间显著的相关性可能与它们具有相似的理化性质有关.另外,在贵州和北京的鱼肌肉组织中均观察到铁与锌之间具有很强的线性正相关,这可用这2种元素在动物体中不同的生物学功能及在一定条件下它们间存在的拮抗作用来给予适当的解释.     

Social Hackers: Integration in the Host Chemical Recognition System by a Paper Wasp Social Parasite

 Obligate social parasites in the social insects have lost the worker caste and the ability to establish nests. As a result, parasites must usurp a host nest, overcome the host recognition system, and depend on the host workers to rear their offspring. We analysed cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of live parasite females of the paper wasp social parasite Polistes sulcifer before and after usurpation of host nests, using the non-destructive technique of solid-phase micro-extraction. Our results reveal that hydrocarbon profiles of parasites change after usurpation of host nests to match the cuticular profile of the host species. Chemical evidence further shows that the parasite queen changes the odour of the nest by the addition of a parasite-specific hydrocarbon. We discuss the possible role of this in the recognition and acceptance of the parasite and its offspring in the host colony. Received: 18 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 22 December 1999     

First evidence of regular common cuckoo, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cuculus canorus</Emphasis>, parasitism on eastern olivaceous warblers, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippolais pallida elaeica</Emphasis>

Coevolution is defined as specialized relationships between species that lead to a reciprocal evolutionary change. A particularly suitable model system for studying coevolution is the interactions between obligate avian brood parasites and their hosts. The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus, hereafter cuckoo) is a well-known brood parasite, which utilizes a range of smaller passerines as hosts. However, warblers of the genus Hippolais have rarely been reported as being victims of cuckoos, and furthermore, few data exist on the occurrence of antiparasite defenses in these hosts. In this study, we examined possible host–parasite coevolution between cuckoos and eastern olivaceous warblers (Hippolais pallida elaeica, hereafter olivaceous warblers) in three closely situated areas in northwestern Bulgaria. The olivaceous warbler has never been reported to be a regular cuckoo host. However, the present study, carried out in 2001–2003 shows that the olivaceous warbler is regularly and heavily parasitized by the cuckoo in this area. Parasitism rate was high (26.6%, 34/128) and consistent among years, with some variation between areas. The cuckoo egg mimicry was moderately good, and olivaceous warbler rejection rate of such eggs was 50%. Cuckoo eggs laid in olivaceous warbler nests had a whitish to whitish-green ground color, and the majority appeared to be distinctly different from cuckoo eggs found in other host species in the area. The olivaceous warbler proved to be a rather good host for cuckoos as 20.6% (7/34) of cuckoo eggs laid produced fledglings, a breeding success comparable to other suitable hosts in Europe. This is the first in-depth study of brood parasitism in a warbler of the genus Hippolais, and cuckoos parasitizing olivaceous warblers probably represent a previously unknown gens.     

黔北优势植物对槽谷型喀斯特生境的适应策略:基于功能性状与生态化学计量相关联的证据

以黔北槽谷型喀斯特地区三种优势植物化香(Platycarya strobilacea)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和烟管荚蒾(Viburnum utile)为研究对象,测定其叶片、枝条和根系的功能性状与C、N、P、Ca、Mg元素含量,分析植物不同器官间功能性状和生态化学计量学的特征与关联,探讨优势物种对槽谷喀斯特环境的适应策略。结果表明:(1)叶片干物质含量在物种间无显著差异,比叶面积、枝干物质含量、枝密度、粗根密度和中根密度在种间差异显著,比叶面积种间变异最大(32. 13%),而叶干物质含量种间变异最小(12. 76%)。(2)比叶面积与叶干物质含量、粗根和中根密度呈显著负相关,叶干物质含量、枝干物质含量、枝密度、粗根密度和中根密度两两正相关。(3)植物C含量在叶片、枝条和根系中的分配较为均匀,N、P、Mg含量均表现为叶片枝条根系,C/N、C/P表现为根系枝条叶片;叶片N/P范围为10. 89～27. 39,平均值为17. 75。(4)在相应器官内,N与P元素和N/P显著正相关,C与Ca、Mg元素显著负相关,Ca与Mg显著正相关,叶片Ca与叶片P显著负相关。(5)比叶面积与叶片N、P、Mg含量显著正相关,与叶片C含量显著负相关;粗根和中根组织密度与根Ca含量极显著正相关。这说明黔北槽谷喀斯特地区的优势植物在功能性状上产生分化,减少生态位重叠,以降低资源竞争。为适应干旱贫瘠环境,植物一方面形成低比叶面积、高干物质含量和高组织密度的功能性状组合,另一方面改变器官间的元素分配,增加枝条和根系的投资。