重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

不同行驶工况下轻型柴油车瞬时排放的CMEM模拟对比研究

近年来,我国机动车保有量迅猛增加,标准的行驶工况已难以准确反映机动车在实际道路上的行驶状况。采用CMEM模型研究不同标准工况下车辆排放的差异,旨在为城市交通环境管理与规划提供技术支持。以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型关于柴油机的结构和主要输入参数,并将模拟得到的车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果与实测数据进行了验证。检验结果表明,THC、CO、NOx排放量的相对误差分别为14.2%、3.7%、32.7%,其相关系数分别达到0.73、0.72、0.87,表明CMEM模型能够较好地反映车辆在实际道路上排放的瞬时变化。对车辆在日本10-15工况、欧洲ECE工况、美国FTP城区工况及中国上海城市主干道路况上的排放和燃油经济性进行了计算。CMEM模拟结果发现,污染物排放水平随着车速的提高而下降,特别是超低速段（0～10 km/h）向低速段（10～20 km/h）过渡时,污染物排放水平的变化显著。车辆的加速过程在污染物排放过程中起主导性作用,其对污染物排放的贡献率在30%以上,个别甚至超过了70%。中国上海城市主干道工况的怠速过程对THC和CO的贡献率分别接近40%和30%,其CO排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.3、1.5、1.4倍;THC排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.5、2.1、1.9倍;NOx排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.2、1.3、1.3倍。模拟车辆在中国上海城市主干道上的燃油经济性最差,仅为9.56 km/L。国外行驶工况不能真实地反映我国机动车在实际道路上的行驶状况。     

宁波市实际道路下汽车排放特征的研究

采用一套车载尾气测试系统,对选取的6辆代表性车辆在宁波市实际道路行驶中的瞬时排放进行测试.该车载尾气测试系统可逐秒获取测试车辆在行驶过程中的排放、油耗、速度和位置等参数.根据测试结果,研究计算了6辆测试车辆的排放因子(g·km-1)和油耗(L·100km-1),并分析了汽车行驶特征对排放和油耗的影响.研究结果表明,落后技术(化油器)车辆的CO、HC和NOx分别是新技术(欧Ⅱ)车的7.9、15 5和2.4倍;汽车的CO和HC排放因子和百公里油耗随速度的增加而降低;怠速和变速对汽车排放和油耗有显著影响,变速行驶状态下,汽车CO、HC和NOx排放因子,以及百公里油耗,分别是匀速行驶状态下的1.18～1.61、1.17～1.42、1.08～1.42和1.08～1.24倍.     

重型柴油车实际道路油耗与排放模拟及其应用研究

基于实际行驶状态下重型车动力需求和传动系统变化规律,建立了重型柴油车整车的瞬态油耗和排放模拟方法,可实现整车发动机工况及油耗与排放的实时模拟.为验证模型的有效性,利用重型车车载排放测试手段,以柴油公交车为研究案例,模拟并验证了车辆在实际运营线路上的油耗与排放水平.公交车综合线路实测百公里油耗为16.38L,NOx、CO和THC排放因子分别为4.44、3.35、1.96g·km-1,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,其油耗与排放因子与实测值之比均在1.06倍左右.模拟结果显示,实测公交车怠速、NOx控制区及其它区域工况点分别占32.6%、7.1%和60.4%,增加10t负载或提高1.5倍车速可使发动机负荷利用率上升,控制区比例上升至18.4%和18.8%,同时增加负载和提高车速,控制区工况可提高至33.9%.相应地,增加负载或提高车速情景分别使车辆油耗与排放上升至1.5～1.7倍和1.6～1.8倍,同时增加负载和提高车速,油耗与排放可增至2.5倍～3.0倍,控制区油耗与排放比例均有大幅度上升.总体上,该模型方法可以为评价和研究重型柴油车在实际道路上的能耗及其排放状况提供新的模拟方法和分析手段.     

国Ⅲ柴油公交车尾气排放实际道路测试研究

应用车载式尾气排放测试设备对北京国Ⅲ排放标准的柴油公交车在实际道路上的尾气排放特征进行了实测研究,测试时间为10 552 s,行驶里程达到61.97 km,共获得10 552组有效数据,测试数据能够反映车辆在实际道路上的排放特征。车辆在实际道路上尾气排放NOx、CO、THC和PM的排放因子分别为14.12±2.54g/km、8.04±2.51 g/km、0.158±0.022 g/km和3.16±1.73 g/km。研究结果表明,油耗及污染物排放与各行驶工况下的速度、加速度均密切相关,车辆在高速加速行驶状态下易产生高的排放速率。车速小于10 km/h时排放因子远大于车速较快时的排放因子,车辆在加速时的排放因子最大,减速时最小。车辆在30 km/h～50 km/h速度区间内等速行驶时,油耗与排放因子最为经济且环境友好。测试车辆排放的颗粒形态主要集中在累积模式,属于纳米或超细微粒。     

应用车载测试系统研究轻型机动车在实际道路上的排放特征

采用一套车载排放测试系统,对深圳市7辆具有代表性的轻型车辆进了实际道路排放测试.根据测试结果,分析了机动车运行工况对排放的影响,比较了基于油耗和行驶里程的排放因子,并计算了各测试车辆的平均排放因子.结果表明,深圳市轻型机动车加速和减速运行模式共占整个运行时间的66.7%和行驶里程的80.3%,对各种污染物的贡献率达74.6%～79.2%.并且加速模式下的排放水平明显高于其他运行模式;基于油耗的排放因子受车速的影响较小,可以避免因机动车运行工况不同所带来的排放差异,从宏观尺度更为合理地预测机动车污染物排放量;车辆技术水平对排放影响很大,化油器车的C0、HC和NOx排放因子分别是欧Ⅲ车的19.9～20.5、5.6～26.1和1.8～2.0倍;我国在进行轻型车排放测试时使用ECE EUDC工况,不能反映我国城市实际道路行驶工况下的机动车排放水平.     

公交柴油车道路排放特征的实测研究初探

利用GPS和SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪测量了上海市公交车行驶工况和公交柴油车在市区道路上的排放状况.该研究共获得193400组公交车行驶工况数据,累计测量里程820 km,排放数据75420个.测量结果显示,上海市公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速为60 km·h-1;市区公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速小于60 km·h-1,市区公交车的怠速时间比在25%以上.被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子为(3.41±0.86)、(1.95±0.47)和(4.56±0.99) g·km-1,与陈长虹等人2005年提供的卡车3和卡车5的排放状况相近.测量结果还显示,被测车辆进出站时单位里程排放量是正常行驶条件下的10倍.此外,在交通高峰期或拥堵期,车行速度降低至0～5 km·h-1时,被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子升高至17.49、6.68和15.85 g·km-1,是平均车速时候的5.13倍、3.4倍和3.48倍,车辆排放污染将明显加剧.测量结果说明,加强城市交通管理,减少车辆拥堵,不仅可以提高公交车运行效率,而且也是降低公交车污染的有效措施.     

重型机动车实际排放特性与影响因素的实测研究

利用美国Sensors公司生产的SEMTECHD车载排放测试仪在上海随机选择了7辆重型柴油车开展实际道路的排放测试,该实验累积测试道路长度为186km,共取得29090个逐秒的有效工况点数据,其中城市主干道12979个,次干道12368个,快速干道3743个.给出了车辆在不同道路上的工况点分布,分析了速度、加速度对燃油消耗、尾气排放的影响.测试结果表明,在选定的城市道路上,车流的平均怠速工况比为17%,加速工况比23.6%,等速工况比为31.0%,减速工况比为28.5%.被测车辆的CO、THC、NOx平均排放因子分别为(4.41±2.46)g·km-1、(1.77±1.17)g·km-1和(6.96±1.93)g·km-1,车辆排放状况因车速、加速度等因素而不同.测试结果基本反映了目前上海道路的交通状况和柴油卡车的排放现状,同时也说明过低的车速和频繁加减速是加重机动车污染的重要原因.     

基于车载测试的国VI重型柴油车CO2和NOx排放研究

利用便携式尾气测量系统（PEMS）对一辆国Ⅵ重型柴油车在北京（低温）和厦门（常温）分别进行0、50%和90%负载的实际道路排放测试.结果表明,国Ⅵ重型柴油车CO₂基于功率平均排放为685 g·kWh-1,行驶阶段CO2基于里程的排放因子平均为662.35 g·km-1.NOx排放比国Ⅵ标准限值低68.3%.NOx基于功率的排放因子为82.6 mg·kWh-1,较国V下降98.6%,行驶阶段NO_x基于里程的排放因子较国V下降99%,国Ⅵ重型柴油车实际道路排放控制效果良好.研究发现,较高的NO_x排放主要集中在急加速段,并在长下坡结束时,出现NO_x排放峰值.此外,6次测试冷启动NO_x排放占整个测试阶段总排放的23.5%～56.7%.CO₂和NO_x排放随速度增加呈下降趋势,50%负载和90%负载时NO_x的排放因子接近10%负载的2倍.低温时CO₂和NOx排放因子较常温时分别升高17.7%和4.5%,...     

基于10辆轻型汽油车的实际行驶与台架工况排放特征及影响因素研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（Portable emission measurement system, PEMS）分析了10辆轻型汽油车分别在实验室台架和实际行驶排放（Real driving emission, RDE）工况下典型空气污染物的排放特征和影响因素.测试结果表明,轻型汽油车在冷启动和热启动阶段产生的一氧化碳（CO）、碳氢化合物（HC）、氮氧化物（NO_x）分别是热运行1阶段和热运行2阶段的28.0、 32.9、 28.4倍和4.0、 11.2、 5.4倍,表明车辆启动对机动车排放贡献显著.台架工况排放因子受车辆启动排放影响较大,在台架实验去除启动排放影响的情况下,台架CO₂、CO、HC和NO_x排放因子将分别减小2.3%±1.3%、44.2%±30.6%、47.5%±29.6%和44.9%±30.8%.在相同速度下,RDE工况下的CO₂排放因子相比不考虑启动排放的台架工况排放因子要高出31.7%±5.0%.单车瞬态排放数据分析结果表明,RDE测试相比于台架工况测试覆盖了更多的机动车行驶工况特征,可以更准确地量化车辆在实际道路行驶过程中不同工况下的排放特征.因此,开展RDE排放测试对于准确量化机动车尾气排放特征,尤其是对 建立微观尺度机动车排放清单支撑城市精细化管控具有重要意义.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.