湿式静电除尘技术研究及应用

燃煤烟气细颗粒物排放的高效控制是控制雾霾天气的重要手段之一,为此国家颁布了世界上最严格的标准之一:《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011),要求火电厂粉尘排放浓度低于30 mg/m3,重点地区低于20 mg/m3。干式静电除尘器由于反电晕和二次扬尘等问题,对亚微米级颗粒物脱除效率较低,难以完全满足新标准的要求。湿式静电除尘技术(WESP)通过水膜清灰方式代替振打清灰,可有效控制湿法脱硫塔后细颗粒物的排放,实现燃煤烟气细颗粒物的深度脱除。该文详细阐述了湿式静电除尘器在粉尘脱除效率、材料润湿、抗腐蚀特性及多种污染物协同脱除等方面的最新研究进展,重点介绍了湿式静电除尘技术在燃煤电厂中的应用现状,并在此基础上对我国湿式静电除尘技术的发展做了总结和展望。     

利用静电旋风除尘器捕集亚微米粒子的研究

利用高场强静电旋风除尘器捕集柴油机排放的亚微米粒子,通过实验证实了,静电旋风除尘器可以有效捕集亚微米粒子。提出了对于该静电旋风除尘器,粒子的有效驱进速度与进口风速的关系式,这对于发展捕集亚微米粒子的静电旋风除尘器具有一定的参考价值。为控制柴油机的颗粒物排放提供了一个新的思路。     

工业锅炉PM2.5产排特性试验研究

采用荷电低压颗粒撞击器(ELPI)对哈尔滨市两台燃用烟煤的工业锅炉PM2.5排放特性进行了研究.研究结果表明:PM2.5的粒数和质量浓度分布曲线均呈现单峰分布,前者峰值出现在0.12~0.2μm粒径范围内,这部分粒子主要是由无机物气化-凝结形成的亚微米颗粒物和挥发分未完全燃烧形成的炭黑粒子,而后者峰值出现在0.32μm处,粒子主要是由炭黑粒子形成的亚微米颗粒和残灰粒子形成的超微米颗粒.同时发现,旋风除尘和湿法除尘对PM2.5各级颗粒均有一定的去除效果,采用多管旋风和冲击水浴除尘器联合除尘效率比单种水膜除尘器除尘效率高;湿法脱硫系统对PM2.5的脱除也有明显的作用,由于除雾器不能全部去除小雾滴,这些雾滴中固体颗粒被干燥和水溶性物质结晶析出,PM0.32颗粒物粒数浓度有所增加,而PM0.32~2.5的颗粒物粒数浓度有所减少,但总质量浓度降低.     

偶极荷电静电除尘器伏安特性及收尘性能研究

提出一种新型的静电除尘器,即偶极荷电静电除尘器,分析了其收尘机理,主要包括离子风、电场力及电凝并,利用PIV技术对离子风进行了测定,并对其伏安特性及收尘性能进行了实验研究,结果表明:离子风速度约为2m/s左右;偶极荷电静电除尘器的电晕电流及对微细颗粒物的除尘效率均远高于普通的静电除尘器。     

超细颗粒物PM25控制技术综述

PM2.5由于其较小的粒径、巨大的比表面积、较大的危害等特点受到世界各国的广泛研究。对此从亚微米粒子的来源、性质、危害等方面进行阐述,对比和总结国内外目前常用的控制技术,详细叙述了静电和其他除尘器相结合以及交流凝并技术脱出超细颗粒物的原理。交流凝并是一种适合收集亚微米粒子的有效方法,这种方法收集效果好,经济实用,适用于去除炼钢、焊接、煤炭燃烧后产生的悬浮性粉尘粒子等方面。研究粒子的荷电、凝并对继续完善荷电凝并理论,提高亚微米粒子的收集效果是十分必要的。     

高温烟气中颗粒静电脱除特性的实验研究

研究温度90~450℃条件下静电除尘器的放电特性及除尘特性,分析温度、工作电压、烟气流速及颗粒浓度等关键参数对于颗粒静电脱除效率的影响.结果表明,当温度从90℃上升至450℃,在比收尘面积为46.5m²/(m³·s^-1),粉尘初始浓度约为750mg/Nm³的工况下,颗粒脱除效率均可达到98%以上.随着电压升高,除尘效率不断提高,但其升高趋势逐渐变缓.在相同电压下,随着温度的上升,电晕电流显著增大,强化颗粒荷电,颗粒的脱除效率提高;而在相同电流下,高温下较低的空间场强使得颗粒的驱进速度减小,导致颗粒脱除效率下降.烟气流速提高降低了颗粒的脱除效率,PM_1.0受烟气流速的影响较PM₁₀更为明显.颗粒初始浓度的上升增强了颗粒的碰撞及团聚作用,在一定程度上有利于增强颗粒的脱除效果.     

蜂窝湿式静电除尘脱除燃煤细颗粒物实验研究

搭建了蜂窝湿式静电除尘实验台,研究了不同清灰方式下湿式静电除尘的放电特性、除尘效率、分级效率.结果发现,喷淋清灰方式对颗粒物脱除效率最高,溢流清灰方式其次.为了避免喷淋产生的水雾对除尘效率的不稳定影响,着重研究了溢流清灰方式下,湿式静电除尘器比收尘面积、运行电压、烟气初始浓度对除尘效率的影响.研究表明,提高比收尘面积和运行电压均可使除尘效率增加,通过观察颗粒物分级脱除效率发现,粒径段在0.5~1μm之间的颗粒物脱除效率较低.当烟气含尘浓度达到较高值(442.85 mg·m~(-3))时,除尘器仍可保持较高的除尘效率.     

蒸汽喷射离子发生器及其应用

介绍一种新型蒸汽喷射离子发生器，并将这种发生器作为预荷电器，在旋风除尘器上进行除尘增效改造应用的试验。结果表明粉尘的预荷电及静电凝并可以增加除尘效率。     

脉冲电晕放电协同烟气脱硫脱硝试验研究

脉冲电晕放电对PM2.5具有一定的凝并作用,与直流静电除尘器相结合可以提高燃煤电厂烟气中粉尘的脱除效率.基于脉冲电晕放电还可以将烟气中的NO、SO2氧化成NO2、SO3等易吸收的物质成分,与传统的液相吸收洗涤技术相结合可提高NO、SO2的脱除效率.文中进行了脉冲电晕放电协同烟气脱硫脱硝的试验研究,研究了影响NO、SO2转化效率的主要因素.实验结果表明,提高脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、脉冲放电电极数目.延长停留时间.降低气体初始浓度有助于提高NO、SO2的转化效率;增加空气湿度可以显著提高SO2的转化效率.在本试验中,当NO、SO2初始浓度为150×10-6左右时,其相应的转化效率可以分别达到70%、90%.     

提高工业微细粉尘捕集效率研究

传统的除尘方式难以控制工业微细粉尘的排放,是引起我国多数城市空气环境质量超过PM2.5排放标准的主要因素之一。在分析常规除尘器存在问题与微细粉尘荷电捕集机理的基础上,提出前置烟道放置电凝并器、前级电场电极优化配置、末级电场采用转动极板、配套使用高频电源或脉冲电源的治理方案,是有效捕集工业微细粉尘的重要手段。同时,还分析了影响电收尘效率的关键因素以及应该采取的措施,为研发新一代静电除尘器提供理论指导。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.