统计在企业地震灾害损失评估中的应用

地震灾害导致企业资产遭受损失,为了科学合理的制定灾区企业恢复生产和重建工作的计划,需要对企业灾害损失进行快速的评估.本文从统计的角度提出了一种估算灾区企业固定资产损失情况的方法,并以汶川地震为例对此方法进行效验.     

基于灰色关联分析与SA-PSO-Elman结合的地震直接经济损失评估

对地震灾害造成的损失进行评估是国家采取应急救援和灾后援建工作的重要依据。为快速评估地震灾害引起的直接经济损失,提出一种基于灰色关联分析与模拟退火-粒子群-Elman神经网络(SA-PSO-Elman)结合的地震灾害直接经济损失评估模型。该模型先采用灰色关联分析方法客观地选出地震灾害直接经济损失的主要影响因素,即为Elman神经网络的输入,然后将全局寻优能力强及收敛速度快的粒子群算法与能跳出局部极值的模拟退火算法相结合来优化Elman神经网络的权值和阀值,最后将训练好的Elman神经网络运用到地震灾害直接经济损失评估中。通过仿真试验结果表明:该混合算法优化的Elman神经网络模型比Elman神经网络模型和PSOElman神经网络模型具有更高的预测精度和收敛速度。     

国内外震后经济损失评估方法简述

震后经济损失评估是研究地震减灾的重要课题之一,其中包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失。直接经济损失包括了房屋建筑物、各基础设施的破坏等造成的损失,间接经济损失包括停产减产损失、产业间的产业关联损失和投资溢价损失。本文将震后经济损失评估方法大致分为五类,即GDP指标法、数据库法、震害矩阵法、遥感技术法以及其他法,并对各方法研究现状进行简述。     

汶川地震统计评估方法的设计与应用

汶川地震给四川及相关地区造成了严重的损失,为准确确认地震灾害损失情况,在灾害评估领域第一次引入了统计评估方法进行辅助评估.本文就统计评估的意义、思路及建议进行宏观论述,为未来经济评估打下一定的理论基础.     

浅述部分灾害评估装备的使用

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了8.0级地震,本文作者参加了国家地震现场工作队第五灾害评估小组的灾害损失评估工作。本文基于此次地震灾害评估的经历,介绍了部分灾害评估装备的使用方法与技巧,总结了一些在地震灾害损失评估工作中节约资料处理时间的经验。     

基于投入产出模型的北京市雾霾间接经济损失评估

以2013年1月北京市雾霾重污染事件为例,尝试使用静态和动态的投入产出模型评估雾霾对部门经济冲击下的产业关联间接损失。结果表明:静态情形下,雾霾给交通运输业造成的总损失达9100.72万元,由雾霾导致交通部门直接经济损失引起的产业关联间接损失总计21003.55万元,超过交通运输业直接经济损失的3倍;动态情形下,受雾霾影响的部门生产恢复期越长,产业经济损失值越大。运用投入产出模型评估雾霾间接经济损失,为深入了解雾霾的损害程度提供了一种新思路。     

基于GIS的地震影响场长轴方向自动判定技术研究

震后第一时间进行灾害损失快速评估,为抗震救灾指挥提供决策依据,具有重要意义。地震影响场长轴方向的快速准确判定,对于快速评估结果具有重要的影响。提出一种基于GIS的地震影响场长轴方向自动判定技术并以北京地区为例,建立空间公里网格并与断裂数据进行空间分析处理,得到长轴方向空间分区数据;将分区数据集成在快速评估系统中进行实践应用;基于模拟地震评估算例,分析不同影响场长轴方向对评估结果的影响;实践应用表明,本文研究结果有利于提高快速评估系统的计算效率和评估精度,具有实际应用价值。     

中国沿海省市风暴潮经济损失风险区划研究

风暴潮是我国沿海省市面临的重大自然灾害之一,造成了难以估量的损失.本文选取1989～2008年沿海11省、市、自治区风暴潮历史数据作为研究样本,运用因子得分基础上的聚类分析和熵值评价等方法,对沿海省市风暴潮灾害经济损失风险进行评估,最终按风暴潮灾害的经济损失程度将沿海省市划分为三个区域:即上海为第一区,表示风暴潮经济损...     

地震灾害应急管理培训评估方法研究

我国各级政府的应急管理培训迅速发展,但是培训效果如何,针对应急管理培训的评估方法研究明显较为滞后。本文以国家地震紧急救援训练基地的地震灾害应急管理培训为视角,对其评估方法进行研究,通过对国际上常用的CIRO培训评估模型的分析和借鉴,以其四阶段评估法为基础,从培训背景、培训投入、学员反应和培训效果等四个方面对地震灾害应急管理培训的评估方法进行研究;从而建立适应目前地震灾害应急管理培训的评估方法。     

我国海洋环境监测数据信息等级划分研究

介绍了我国海洋环境监测数据信息的主要内容和在使用管理中存在的主要问题,参考环保、水利、地震等行业对科学数据信息等级划分的成果,开展了我国海洋环境监测数据信息等级划分研究。提出了数据信息等级划分的原则和方法,针对我国现行海洋环境监测业务化工作体系特点及数据信息使用管理的现实需求,将海洋环境监测业务化工作体系4大监测类型26项监测任务获取的海洋环境监测数据信息划分为公开、国家内部、机构内部、秘密、机密和绝密6个等级。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.