氨法脱硫+低温SCR脱硝工艺在焦炉烟气净化中的应用

以某化工厂焦炉烟气脱硫脱硝工程为例,分析了工艺选择思路、技术原理、系统流程及处理效果。选择低温SCR脱硝技术,以氨气作为还原剂,在SCR反应器内发生选择性催化还原反应,脱硝效率可达89.8%。以氨水作为脱硫剂,在脱硫塔中以逆流喷淋方式和自下而上的烟气接触发生反应,脱硫效率可达98.8%。低温SCR脱硝+氨法脱硫工艺运行稳定,净化后烟气中的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、粉尘颗粒物等污染物含量均达到《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB16171-2012)要求。     

氨法烟气联合脱硫脱氮技术工艺

SOx和NOx是燃煤锅炉排放的主要污染物,传统分步脱硫脱氮设备昂贵且效率不高,而氨法烟气脱硫脱氮具有显著的技术优势:脱硫效率高,脱硫脱氮一举两得;不产生废渣、废水;脱硫剂利用充分、耗量小、具有节能功效。因此它具有广阔的应用前景。     

新型喷射鼓泡塔与传统鼓泡塔脱硫的性能比较

以磷矿浆为脱硫剂进行烟气脱硫研究,比较了自主创新研制的中试规模环栅式喷射鼓泡塔与工业规模的日本千代田CT-121脱硫鼓泡塔的性能。结果表明:塔压降和脱硫剂的pH值是影响脱硫效率的关键因素。鼓泡塔采用三塔串联,控制磷矿浆pH值为3.5~4.2、操作压力为7 000~7 800 Pa时,脱硫效率维持在95%左右。环栅式喷射鼓泡塔维持单塔压降约在3 000 Pa左右,磷矿浆pH值在3.7~4.3时脱硫效率可达67%。环栅式喷射鼓泡脱硫工艺以磷矿为脱硫剂,脱硫除尘效果好,系统投资少,运行费用低,并能资源化利用废渣,是适合我国国情的一项脱硫除尘技术。     

中小型燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝实验研究

介绍了选用熟石灰Ca(OH)2作脱硫剂的半干法烟气脱硫工艺来脱除SO2;选用NH3作还原剂,活性炭作催化剂,在低温(＜200℃)和氧气存在的条件下选择性催化还原(SCR法,属干法)NOx的技术来脱除NOx.实验表明:脱硫率＞92.5%,脱硝率＞74.6%,半干法烟气脱硫工艺和干法(SCR法)烟气脱硝技术适宜于中小型燃煤烟气的脱硫脱硝.     

新型燃煤烟气净化装置的脱硫性能研究

通过实验 ,考察了新型燃煤烟气净化装置的性能。采用喷钙水浴烟气净化工艺 ,在钙硫比为 1.4～ 1.6时 ,其综合脱硫效率可达 85～ 90 % ,阻力损失为 4 5 0～ 5 2 0 Pa;不加脱硫剂的水浴平均脱硫率为 5 5 % ;当喷钙倾角由向上 30°变为向下 30°时 ,喷钙脱硫效率相应由 16 .5 %增加到 38.4 %。     

几种碱性废渣脱硫性能的比较研究

以吸收瓶为实验装置研究了几种碱性废渣的脱硫容量。实验结果表明 ,电石渣、碱渣、废大理石和石灰石的脱硫容量分别为 0 85、0 75 ,0 6 2和 0 5 8gSO2 g脱硫剂。旋流板塔试验主要参数对脱硫率的影响结果表明 ,入塔浆液pH值越大 ,液气比L G越大 ,脱硫率η也越高 ;入塔SO2 浓度y0 越高 ,脱硫率η越低。模拟工业试验结果表明 ,对电石渣和碱渣 ,控制浆液pH >7,L G =2～ 3L m3时 ,η可达 6 5 %以上 ;对废大理石和石灰石 ,控制浆液pH为 6 5 ,L G =4～6L m3时 ,η可达 6 0 %以上。从以上结果来看 ,作为脱硫剂 ,电石渣脱硫效果最好 ,碱渣次之 ,最后是废大理石和石灰石。电石渣和碱渣显示了良好的应用前景     

石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫技术在燃煤电厂中的应用

介绍华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂现采用的一炉一塔石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫方案.主体工程包括烟气系统和二氧化硫吸收系统,配套脱硫剂制备系统、石膏脱水系统等,设计脱硫效率95%,脱硫保证率为90%以上.     

燃煤电站炭基催化法脱硫脱硝工艺参数分析

在自主设计建设的炭基催化剂脱硫脱硝试验平台上,通过单一变量试验,分别研究了ρ(SO_2)、φ(O_2)、φ(水蒸气)、床层温度、空速、ρ(NO)、氨氮比等工艺参数对炭基催化剂脱硫脱硝性能的影响,分析得到了适合燃煤电站炭基催化法脱硫脱硝技术的工艺参数。较优的脱硫工艺参数为:ρ(O_2)为3%～4%,φ(水蒸气)为12%,床层温度为80～120℃,空速为400～2200 h-1,此时脱硫效率达到98%以上;较优的脱硝工艺参数为:φ(O_2)为3%～4%,φ(水蒸气)为5%,床层温度为110～130℃,空速为1000 h-1,氨氮比>1,此时脱硝效率达到70%以上;在电厂烟气的温度及φ(O_2)条件下,炭基催化剂有较高的脱硫脱硝效率,为其在电力行业的应用提供参考。     

小体积空气净化装置的脱硫脱硝效率的测定

介绍了用SO2紫外荧光法和NOx化学发光法测定小体积空气净化装置的脱硫脱硝效率。测得脱硫效率为85 3～90 8%,脱硝效率为50 3～61 9%。     

操作参数对改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝特性的影响

利用固定床反应器研究了反应温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)、以及空塔速度(V)对改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝效率的影响规律,并得出了改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝的最佳反应工况。结果表明:在T=60~90℃内,温度升高不利于NO的脱除,而对SO2的脱除有一定的促进作用。在RH=60%~100%条件下,脱硫脱硝效率均随相对湿度增大而增大。对脱硝效率而言,空速越小其脱除效率越高,高空速下对应的脱硝率变化并不明显;SO2的脱除效率随着空速的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,当空速V=6 948.47 h-1时对应的脱硫效率最高。综合而言,吸收剂脱硫脱硝的最佳反应温度、相对湿度及空速分别为70℃、100%和4 246.29 h-1。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.