Adsorption of Pb, Cd to Fe, Mn oxides in natural freshwater surface coatings developed in different seasons

Metal oxides( Fe, Mn oxides) in natural surface coatings(biofilms and associated minerals) are believed to play a significant role n the fate and transport of trace metal in aquatic environments. Seasonal variation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in surface oatings, which were developed periodically on glass slides in Nanhu Lake, Jilin Province, China over the time frame of three seasons,was investigated in order to understand the influence of metal oxides on Pb and Cd adsorption to heterogeneous surface coating materials(biofilm). Pb and Cd adsorption was measured under controlled laboratory conditions( mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic trength 0.05 mol/L, 25~C and pH 6.0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb nd Cd adsorption to the surface coatings. In general, components in the surface coatings varied greatly with seasons altering and btained higher concentrations in summer while the content of iron oxides always exceeded that of manganese oxides. Correlation nalyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd and components in the surface coatings developed periodically indicated that Pb hase association with Mn oxides and Cd phase association with Fe oxides as well as Mn oxides were statistically significant. Effect of Mn xides on Cd adsorption was confirmed in view of its higher content in the surface coatings. The importance of ferromanganese oxides for b and Cd adsorption to the natural surface coatings developed in different seasons was evidenced.     

Comparison of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments collected in Xianghai Wetland

Surface coatings and surficial sediments were obtained in four natural waters in Xianghai Wetland in China to study the role of surface coatings and surficial sediments in controlling the transporting and cycling of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments were measured under controlled laboratory conditions(mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic strength 0.0.5 mol/L, 25℃ and pH 6.0 for surface coatings: and 0.00.5 mol/L CaCl2 solution, 25℃ and pH 6.0 for surficial sediments). The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments, and the component analyses of surface coatings and surficial sediments were also carried out.Correlation analyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd (Гmax) and the components in the surface coatings and surficial sediments suggested that there was a statistically significant trend for Pb and Cd adsorption(Гmax) to the surface coatings to increase with increasing in contents of Fe and Mn oxides in the surface coatings and surficial sediments. And the metal adsorption abilities of surface coatings were much stronger than those of surficial sediments, highlighting that in the same water, i.e. at the same pH and initial metal concentrations, the metals(such as lead and cadmium) in supernatant were feasible to be adsorbed by surface coatings than surficial sediments. The more importance of surface coatings than surficial sediments for adsorbing and cycling of heavy metals in aquatic environments was evidenced.     

Scavenging of Cd through Fe/Mn oxides within natural surface coatings

The dynamics of Cd scavenging from solutions by Fe/Mn oxides in natural surface coatings （NSCs） was investigated under laboratory conditions. Selective extraction methods were employed to estimate the contributions of Fe/Mn oxides, where hydroxylamine hydrochloride （0.01 mol/L NH2OH-HCl ＋ 0.01 mol/L HNO3）, sodium dithionite （0.4 mol/L Na2S2O4） and nitric acid （10% HNO3） were used as extraction reagents. The Cd scavenging was accomplished with developing periods of the NSCs （totally 21 data sets）. The resulting process dynamics fitted well to the Elovich equation, demonstrating that the amount of Cd scavenged was proportional to the increments of Fe/Mn oxides that were accumulated in the NSCs. The amount of Cd bound to Fe oxides （MCdFe） and Mn oxides （MCdMn） could be quantified by solving two equations based on the properties of two extraction reagents. The amount of Cd scavenged by Fe/Mn oxides could also be estimated using MCdFe and MCdMn divided by the total amounts of Fe and Mn oxides in the NSCs, respectively. The results indicated that the Cd scavenging by Fe/Mn oxides was dominated by Fe oxides, with less roles attributed to Mn oxides. The estimated levels of Cd scavenging through Fe and Mn oxides agreed well with those predicted through additive-adsorption and linear-regression models.     

微生物对沉积物主要化学组分吸附重金属能力的影响

通过松花江水中微生物与铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸形成的复合物质的比表面积及吸附Pb、Cd能力的分析,探讨微生物对沉积物中主要化学组分理化性质的影响及机理.结果表明:锰氧化物的比表面积大于铁氧化物和腐殖酸,与微生物结合后比表面积均不同程度增加. 固体物质的比表面积与吸附Pb和Cd的能力并不完全一致,与它们对重金属的吸附机制不同有关.复合物质的的吸附能力并不符合加和模型,微生物的存在掩盖了铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸表面部分官能团,造成了复合物质的吸附量小于各组分的吸附量之和.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

表层沉积物主要矿化组分对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附特性与贡献

考察表层沉积物中主要矿化组分对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附特性,能够更清楚地解释Mn(Ⅱ)在沉积物-水界面上的迁移转化机理. 以山东省即墨市王圈水库表层沉积物为例,采用化学选择性萃取方法将表层沉积物的主要矿化组分(Fe氧化物、Mn氧化物、有机质和黏土矿物)进行分离,研究这些矿化组分对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附特性和贡献. 结果表明,表层沉积物中w(有机质)、w(TE-Fe)和w(TE-Mn)(TE-Fe、TE-Mn分别为总可萃取态Fe、Mn氧化物)分别为16.23、10.12和1.771 mg/g. Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均能较好地描述表层沉积物及其主要矿化组分吸附Mn(Ⅱ)的过程,Langmuir吸附等温方程拟合效果更好,相关系数达0.95以上. E-Mn、E-Fe(E-Mn、E-Fe分别为可萃取态、锰、铁氧化物)、有机质和黏土矿物对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附能力分别为77 852.5、38 764.0、17 704.5和44.0 mg/g. 由于各主要矿化组分在表层沉积物中含量的差异,因此有机质的吸附贡献最大,为2.24 mg/g;其次是E-Fe和黏土矿物,分别为1.91和1.22 mg/g;E-Mn为0.62 mg/g.      

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用

采用BCR提取法,HCl-HNO3-HF消化法和ICP-AES仪器测定了西太湖沉积岩芯中Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素不同形态的质量分数.结果表明:采用BCR方法对太湖沉积物重金属元素形态进行提取,提取结果具有较高的精度和稳定性;受元素地球化学性质及沉积物理化性质的影响,Cu,Fe,Ni和Zn以残渣态为主;Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主;Pb的有机物及硫化物结合态,Fe/Mn氧化物结合态以及残渣态的质量分数基本一致;重金属元素Fe/Mn氧化物结合态的质量分数与可还原态Mn质量分数有较好的正相关性,有机物及硫化物结合态的质量分数与有机质质量分数相关性较好.      

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

苏南典型工农业交错区土壤铅富集特征及源解析——基于PCA-PMF方法

为阐明长江三角洲典型工农业交错区土壤中Pb富集特征以及污染源贡献,以常熟地区典型水稻土为研究对象,分析了该地区表层土壤和土壤剖面中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd以及主量元素等的含量及Pb形态分布.结果显示,研究区表层土壤发生了显著的Pb富集,土壤Pb平均含量超出了当地水稻土Pb背景值近一倍,地学统计分析反映表层土壤Pb处于轻度污染水平.外源铅在土壤中主要以铁锰氧化态和残渣态存在.相对于表层土壤,深层土壤(20~60cm)具有较高的碳酸盐结合态Pb占比和残渣态Pb占比,以及较低的腐殖酸结合态Pb占比和铁锰氧化态Pb占比.主成分分析法(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)分析结果均显示表层土壤Pb主要来自4种污染源:约42.8%继承于岩石风化的自然产物、15.5%来自于含Pb汽油等化石燃料燃烧排放(通过大气沉降形式输送到土壤等方式)、21.6%来自于电镀等有色金属冶炼的工业活动和20.1%的可能为地表其它混合源.PCA-PMF源解析方法所得结果能较好地解析土壤中重金属来源.     

连环湖阿木塔泡沉积物中重金属形态及其对环境影响分析

采用了BCR三步提取法,对连环湖阿木塔泡AMT岩芯沉积物中的Mn、Cr、Cu、Fe、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属元素的化学形态进行了分析。结果表明：Cr、Cu、Fe、Ni、Pb、zn元素以残渣态为主,Mn元素以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主。Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的有机物及硫化物结合态、Fe—Mn氧化物结合态含量较高,Zn的有机物及硫化物含量较高。其中,Mn、Cr、Ni和Pb对环境产生危害的可能性最大,对这几元素应该予以足够的关注。     

土壤组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响——基于三峡库区消落带落干期土壤

通过选择性去除土壤组分的方法,探讨了三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤中有机质、铁氧化物组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响.结果发现,三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤去除的有机质以易氧化组分为主,去除有机质后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量变化较小.然而,去除游离铁氧化物后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量均发生明显降低.同时,去除有机质、游离铁氧化物组分后并未改变土壤中各种磷形态的相对大小顺序,均为：钙结合磷（Ca-P） > 有机磷（OP） > 铁/铝结合磷（Fe/Al-P）.此外,黄壤（FJ）、紫色潮土（KX）和灰棕紫泥（FL）去除有机质后对磷的吸附能力较原始土壤仅分别降低0.5%、2.3%、6.5%（P=0.017<0.05,显著性差异）,表明3种土壤中有机质组分对磷吸附的影响较小;而去除游离铁氧化物后对磷的吸附能力分别降低45.6%、51.7%、43.9%（P=0.004<0.05,显著性差异）,表明土壤中游离铁氧化物组分是决定磷吸附大小的重要因素.另外,3种土壤去除游离铁氧化物后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力明显增加,表明游离铁氧化物组分是控制3种土壤吸附磷的解吸的重要因素.FL土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力略有降低,而KX和FJ土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力无明显差异,表明有机质组分对土壤吸附磷的解吸的影响与土壤类型有关.     

白洋淀底泥重金属形态及竖向分布

为了解白洋淀底泥沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,选取白洋淀淀区具有代表性的7个样点,通过无扰动重力采样器采集0～14 cm表层底泥,用优化的BCR连续萃取法对底泥中重金属进行不同形态提取,对不同形态以及不同深度的重金属含量进行测定,分析不同形态重金属与底泥中总有机碳(TOC)之间的关系,并通过地累积指数(Igeo)法对底泥重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,Co、Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn的形态分别以残渣态、酸可溶态、铁锰氧化态以及有机结合态为主;有机结合态重金属与底泥TOC结合的趋势大于其他形态;Co、Pb、Zn含量随着深度增加总体呈降低的趋势,它们在0～2 cm底泥的含量最高,Mn的含量在6～8 cm达到最小,14 cm时含量达到最大;白洋淀淀区底泥中Co、Mn污染程度主要为无污染或轻度污染,Pb、Zn除府河入口外主要为轻度污染,府河入口处的Pb、Zn为中度污染.     

用铁酸盐型磁性吸附剂去除偶氮染料酸性红B

通过对几种磁性铁酸盐型吸附剂Mfe₂O₄(M=Fe,Mn,Cu)的表面特性及去除染料酸性红B(ARB)的吸附性能与催化氧化再生性能的研究,证明该类吸附剂能够有效地吸附去除水中的酸性红B,经磁分离,用H₂O₂/Fe²⁺体系可以同时氧化有机物与再生吸附剂,吸附剂可以循环使用.pH值对吸附能力有很大影响,对于MnFe₂O₄和Fe₃O₄,发生最大吸附的pH值范围在3.5～3.8,而对于CuFe₂O₄ pH值则在4.5～4.8时有最大吸附能力.CuFe₂O₄的吸附容量最大,MnFe₂O₄次之,FeO₄最小;3种吸附剂的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir吸附模型.在发生吸附的pH值范围内,吸附剂吸附染料后其Zeta电位比吸附前均有明显降低.再生实验表明,3种吸附剂再生后,其比表面积明显增大,表面元素组成发生很大变化,其吸附能力也明显提高.     

锰氧化物与环境中有机物的作用及其在环境修复中的应用

锰氧化物在陆地和海洋环境中含量丰富.作为天然强氧化剂之一,广泛地参与自然界中有机和无机化合物的氧化还原反应,锰氧化物通过吸附、氧化偶合或氧化分解等方式与多种有机物,如酚及取代酚、芳香胺、腐殖酸、氨基酸.甚至多环芳烃、多氯联苯、内分泌干扰物等相互作用,本文对锰氧化物与多种有机物的反应机理、影响锰氧化物对有机物吸附性能和反应活性的因素进行了综述.同时介绍了天然矿物锰氧化物、化学合成锰氧化物及生物氧化锰的特点及其在环境修复中的应用前景.     

北三河水系沉积物中金属的污染状况研究

北三河水系包括接纳了北京、天津大量再生水和污水的温榆河、凉水河和北运河等河流,其沉积物中金属的污染状况是水环境质量的重要指标之一.本研究调查分析了北三河水系8条河流沉积物中金属的污染状况及存在形态,采用地累积指数评价了金属的污染级别,利用相关性分析和主成分分析简要分析了金属的主要来源.研究结果表明,北三河水系沉积物中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Co和Cd的平均浓度分别为24207、538、303、57、48、29、15.2、14和0.27 mg·kg-1.牛牧屯河部分沉积物中Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的浓度高于沉积物质量基准(SQG)中的极有可能产生危害的浓度(PEC)值,很有可能对生物产生危害;而温榆河、还乡河、北运河、凉水河和潮白河中大部分金属浓度高于产生危害的阈值(TEC)而低于PEC水平,也应列入防控对象.河流沉积物中金属积累级别较高的河段多位于郊区和乡镇,可能因为这些区域污水处理率较低.Fe、Cr、Ni、Cu、Mn和Zn在沉积物中主要以残渣态存在,其比例分别可达92.5％、85.2％、87.9％、71.0％、63.4％和57.3％;Pb则主要以可提取态存在,其比例为62.6％.沉积物中Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd元素的存在主要受人类活动的影响,其在北三河水系沉积物中的分布主要受有机碳的控制;Cr和Co的存在则主要受自然因素的影响,其分布主要受铁锰氧化物或矿物质的影响.     

巢湖沉积物中重金属的BCR形态分析

以巢湖沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR(European Communities Bureau of Reference)连续提取法分析了沉积物样品中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mn赋存特征,分为可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态。结果表明:南淝河入湖区S1采样点五种金属总量都达到最高,兆河入湖区S2采样点金属总量浓度最低。五种金属中锌和锰的质量较高,重金属回收率分别为:锌(93%),铜(92%),铅(90%),镉(92%),锰(93%)。Cu以残渣态为主(54.7%),Zn以铁锰氧化物结合态为主(40.5%),Pb以有机物、硫化物结合态为主(35.3%),Cd和Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主,所占比例分布为41.9%、58.6%。研究表明,应用BCR连续提取法有助于确定沉积物中重金属的污染状况和潜在释放能力。     

水钠锰矿对几种重金属离子的吸附及其与锰氧化度和吸附位点的关系

矿物表面的吸附位点类型与数量决定了其对重金属离子的吸附特性,但氧化锰矿物的结构变化对表面位点,以及吸附特性的影响并不清楚.本研究通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、等温吸附等技术和方法对比分析了不同锰氧化度（AOS）酸性水钠锰矿对Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特点,并探讨了水钠锰矿锰...     

Application of ultrasonic to speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil

In order to reduce the operation time and improve the extraction efficiency, ultrasonic energy by means of ultrasonic bath was used to the modified Tessier sequential extraction for speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil. Extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(hAS). The merit of the ultrasonic extraction (UE) applied to the modified Tessier method is not only that the operation time for the first 4 fractions was reduced from ca. 18 h to 8 h, comparing with conventional extraction(CE), but also the extraction efficiency was higher. The results for both of UE and CE were consistent. The extractable Cu, Ni and Zn in the sample No. 1 were mainly associated with the third fraction (Fe-Mn oxides fraction), and fourth fraction (organic matter fraction) in the sample No.2. The extractable Fe and Mn were all mainly associated with the third fraction, and Pb the fourth fraction in both of the samples. The effects of concentration of hydroxylamine chloride on the capability for the extraction of studied metals were also studied.     

降尘中重金属的形态及其在模拟酸雨下的溶出规律

使用透射、扫描电子显微镜观察大气降尘的形貌,运用BCR分级提取法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法研究大气降尘中重金属元素Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe和Cd的含量及形态分布,探讨模拟酸雨条件下大气降尘中重金属元素的溶出规律.结果表明:小粒径降尘较大粒径比表面积大,吸附能力也较强;大气降尘中重金属元素(除Fe外)均以残渣态为主, Cd含量极小,未检出;粒径相同的降尘中,Fe含量最高,主要以可还原态存在,可提取态达到70%以上;Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和Mn均以残渣态为主;Cu,Pb和Cr在小颗粒中相对富集,造成小粒径降尘的生物危害性更大;模拟酸雨条件下,Cu,Pb,Mn,Fe和Zn的溶出量均随pH降低而增大.