硫化物对垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属挥发的影响

对某垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧厂焚烧飞灰进行了采样,在对飞灰进行热重(TG-DTG)分析基础上,重点研究了飞灰水洗前后及其添加不同硫化物(S、NaS、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)经高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的挥发特性.结果表明,飞灰中重金属Zn、Pb含量较高,Ni的含量较低,而Cd含量达到29.4 mg·kg-1.飞灰水洗后Pb、Cu、Zn的含量均比原灰中高,而Cd的含量降低.飞灰TG-DTG曲线在579～732℃、949～1 200℃这2个温度范围失重率较大,拐点温度分别为690℃和1 154℃.焚烧飞灰中Pb表现出易挥发的特性,其挥发率超过80%,而Cu挥发性较小,其挥发率<30%.飞灰水洗后,重金属的挥发率有显著的降低,其中重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu.飞灰热处置过程中预先加入Na2SO3、Na2SO4后,重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)挥发率降低明显,而S的加入只能降低Zn的挥发率;Na2S加入后Cd、Zn挥发率下降.水洗飞灰添加Na2S后可降低4种重金属的挥发率,S及Na2SO3的加入分别降低了Cu和Zn的挥发率;4种硫化物的加入都可降低Cd的挥发率.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征

研究了垃圾与污泥掺烧后的焚烧飞灰在900℃、1 000℃高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性,并研究了添加剂氯化物(CaCl2、MgCl2、NaCl、FeCl3、AlCl3)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响.结果表明,没有添加氯化剂情况下,污泥焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别,其中Pb的挥发率超过80%,而Cu的挥发率<30%,重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu.热处置过程中重金属的挥发率受温度的影响较大,而停留时间的延长对重金属挥发促进效果较小,并且易挥发元素Pb和Cd表现尤为明显.飞灰中添加氯化剂后,重金属的挥发性有显著的改变,并且难挥发元素Cu和Zn的挥发性增加较Pb和Cd显著.随着Cl含量的增加,重金属挥发率有增加的趋势,但不同种类的氯化物对重金属氯转化差异较大,其中NaCl对重金属Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的促进效果小于其它氯化剂.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属迁移特性研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结处理过程6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn)迁移特性开展系统实验研究,烧结实验在高温箱式电炉上进行,着重考察烧结温度、时间、制样压力等条件对重金属残留率的影响.结果表明:Cr残留率随温度升高而显著提高,Cu、Zn残留率随温度升高有所波动;烧结时间对Cu残留率影响显著,对其它5种金属影响不明显;在一定范围内,6种重金属残留率随制样压力增大而提高;Cd、Pb易于挥发,而Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn不易挥发;烧结温度、时间、制样压力对各种重金属残留率的影响程度各不相同;烧结处理可以固化大部分重金属,同时飞灰中重金属在烧结过程中的残留率因种类不同而呈现显著差异.     

氯化剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属挥发特性的影响

以南方某生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰及其水洗灰为原料进行高温热处理,考察氯化剂(CaCl2、MgCl₂·6H₂O、AlCl₃、NaCl 和FeCl₃·6H₂O)对飞灰和水洗灰中重金属的挥发作用.结果表明,除NaCl 外,其他氯化剂均可促进飞灰和水洗灰中重金属的挥发,对于不同的重金属,其氯化剂的影响效果不同.在原灰中,Zn 的挥发率受氯化剂影响最大,其次是Cd 和Cu,在未添加氯化剂的情况下,飞灰中的Pb 几乎全部挥发.水洗灰中重金属的挥发率受氯化剂影响更明显,其中Zn 和Cu 最为显著,添加氯化剂后,水洗灰中4 种重金属的挥发率最高均达到95%以上.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的分布规律及浸出特性

文章研究了上海某垃圾焚烧厂不同粒径飞灰中重金属的分布特性。结果表明,大部分飞灰聚集在38～280μm,其中在38～53μm飞灰约占总量的50%。飞灰中重金属在不同粒径中的含量分布规律均为:Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Ni;除Ni和Cr外,重金属Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb都普遍表现出向小颗粒富集的趋势。重金属在不同粒径中的浸出量均为:Pb>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd;Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd的浸出量随飞灰粒径的减小呈增加趋势,而Zn在106～280μm和Pb在75～106μm处的浸出量都经历了一个陡增过程。不同重金属的主要化学形态各不相同,除Ni和Cr外,其它重金属的主要形态都呈不稳定性。随着飞灰粒径的减小,碳酸盐结合态的Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态的Pb、Zn、Cu的量逐渐增加;残留态的Zn和有机结合态的Cu则不增反减;Ni和Cr的各形态分布规律不明显。     

协同处理药渣过程飞灰重金属分布及浸出特性

为评估燃煤锅炉协同处理药渣过程中飞灰重金属的环境风险,该文对不同粒径飞灰重金属的分布及浸出特性进行研究。结果表明：Pb、Zn在整体飞灰中的分配率均达到了95%以上,Cd、Cu、As在整体飞灰中的分配率均达到75%以上,而Mn在整体飞灰中的分配率仅40%。沿着烟气流程,除尘器不同电场捕获的飞灰中值粒径逐渐减小,飞灰颗粒表面更加光滑。随飞灰粒径的减小,飞灰中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的质量分数逐渐增大,而As的质量分数逐渐减小;不同粒径飞灰中Mn的质量分数在300 mg/kg上下波动。随飞灰粒径的减小,Pb、Cd、Cu的浸出浓度逐渐增大;飞灰中值粒径由20.2μm减小到5.0μm,Zn的浸出浓度增大了687%,环境风险急剧提高;不同粒径飞灰中As的浸出浓度均小于0.05μg/L,Mn的浸出浓度均小于0.01μg/L。协同处理药渣过程中,随着飞灰粒径减小,Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Mn的环境风险逐渐升高,该试验中不同粒径飞灰样品重金属的环境风险均满足环保要求。     

高温自蔓延法固化处置生活垃圾焚烧飞灰

将高温自蔓延反应用于生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的无害化处置,探索了Mg-Fe_2O_3-飞灰反应体系中最大飞灰含量(质量分数,下同),评估了不同飞灰含量下的无害化效果,研究了自蔓延反应过程中飞灰中重金属元素的挥发行为,并通过XRD和SEM分析探讨了自蔓延反应固化飞灰中重金属的机制。研究结果表明,系统维持自蔓延的飞灰含量最大为65%;经高温自蔓延处置后,飞灰中Pb、Cd、Cu和Cr的毒性浸出浓度分别由21.51、0.19、0.18和0.58 mg/L降低到0.53、0.12、0.06和0.07 mg/L以下;Pb、Cd和Zn等重金属在自蔓延反应过程中大量挥发,飞灰含量40%时其挥发率分别高达92.24%、88.66%和87.77%,Cr和Cu主要以铬矿物和氧化亚铜的形式固化于产物中。XRD/SEM结果表明飞灰高温自蔓延反应产物以玻璃相为主体,体系中残留重金属与低熔点物质形成固液共存相并随着反应的推进迅速冷却形成密实的固熔体,通过化学固化和物理固封作用固定于玻璃体中。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属分离效果影响因素研究

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的焚烧飞灰,在感应炉上进行熔融处理实验研究,探讨了熔融温度、熔融时间、碱度等因素对熔融过程中重金属分离效果的影响.结果表明,重金属的挥发率按其熔沸点高低区分明显,Pb、Zn和Cd的挥发率较高,分别为80%、60%和95%左右;Cr、Mn的挥发率均低于10%.随着熔融时间、熔融温度和碱度的增加,Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cr的挥发率变化趋势不明显;铁浴熔融方式可进一步促进Zn、Pb、Hg的挥发,有利于Cr、Cu从熔渣中分离出来,与生铁形成合金.对熔渣的浸出毒性测试结果表明,重金属元素的浸出毒性均可达标(GB5085.3-1996).     

烧结条件对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固定率的影响

研究了烧结试验条件的变化对焚烧飞灰中重金属分布的影响规律,并进一步探讨了焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属的固定途径和固定效应。结果表明:烧结温度的升高会导致重金属挥发率的升高,Pb的挥发率从1 050℃的97.1%升高到1 180℃的99.7%;而Zn的挥发率从1 050℃的35.5%升高至55.2%。通过降低焚烧飞灰中氯盐含量,能够降低Zn与Pb的挥发速率。对原飞灰和水洗灰,延长烧结时间会造成Zn与Pb的挥发率升高而固定率下降。磷酸灰的变化情况与原飞灰及水洗灰不同,Zn与Pb的固定率随烧结时间的延长出现了小幅度的增加。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属分布和浸出性质

对烟气净化系统飞灰(以下简称飞灰)按粒径进行分级,研究了飞灰重金属含量、形态分布和浸出毒性随粒径的变化,讨论了不同粒径的飞灰对重金属总量和浸出总量的贡献率.结果表明:飞灰中粒径>154 μm和<30 μm的颗粒较少,粒径为38.5～74 μm的颗粒约占总量的50%.除Ni和Cr外,重金属含量随飞灰粒径的减小呈增加趋势,且主要表现在酸溶态Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu和有机结合态Pb以及晶形氧化铁态Pb,Zn含量的增加.随着飞灰粒径的减小,Cr,Ni,Zn,Hg和Pb的浸出量也呈逐渐增加趋势,其中Zn,Hg和Pb的表现尤为突出.尽管细颗粒上的重金属对飞灰的重金属总量贡献不大,但高浸出率使细颗粒飞灰对重金属浸出总量仍具有较大贡献,尤其是Pb,Zn和Hg,在占飞灰质量8%的粒径<30 μm的飞灰中,富集了约40%的水溶性Pb,Zn和Hg.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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