燃煤烟气脱汞处理技术

论述了燃煤烟气中汞的来源、存在形态、危害和脱除效率,综述了除尘装置、选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝装置、脱硫装置对脱汞效率的作用,固体氧化物催化剂、卤素添加剂对单质汞的催化氧化的影响,探讨了单质汞催化氧化剂类型和脱硫中汞被还原的技术研究难点。燃煤电厂的监测数据表明脱汞中的重点问题有:如何提高SCR催化剂催化氧化单质汞的氧化效率,如何改进催化剂的抗硫性及稳定性,设备防腐蚀问题,如何改善湿法脱硫系统吸收效率以及吸收溶液中的汞沉淀分离技术:这些都是燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的重点研究内容。     

添加CaCl2对烟气净化装置联合脱汞的规律分析

煤炭燃烧向大气中排放了大量汞。为了探究经济有效的汞排放控制方法,在管式炉中进行了CaCl₂晶体的水解实验,CaCl₂在一定温度和气氛下会水解产生HCl,HCl有利于烟气中Hg0的氧化。且随着反应温度的增加,水解率呈上升趋势。在流化床炉中进行了CaCl₂溶液蒸发协同脱汞实验。CaCl₂溶液喷洒在燃煤中可显著提高SCR脱销装置对Hg0的氧化率;煤中喷洒CaCl₂溶液可提高烟气中Hg2+的浓度和占比,从而提高湿法烟气脱硫装置（WFGD）对气态Hg的脱除效果。相比于喷洒在原煤中,将CaCl₂溶液喷洒在布袋除尘器（FF）前的蒸发干燥塔中,可显著提高FF脱除Hg的效果。整体上看,当温度越高,氯添加比越高时,烟气净化装置协同脱汞的效率也越高。     

尿素湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮反应热力学分析

利用热力学原理计算出尿素湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮、石灰湿法脱硫、亚硫酸铵湿法脱氮吸收反应达到平衡时SO2 和NOX的分压力 ,结果表明 :尿素作吸收剂湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮是可行的 ,脱硫效果好于石膏法 ,脱氮效果好于亚硫酸铵法 ,而且几乎 1 0 0 %的最大限度地脱除烟气中的SO2 和NOX。     

湿法脱硫工艺对汞的脱除性能研究进展

汞是煤中一种有毒的重金属痕量元素,汞污染对人类和生物环境造成极大危害,汞具有在大气中的停留时间长,毒性大,在生物体内累积等特性,成为近年来全球研究的热点。本文重点从湿法脱硫工艺上对汞的脱除进行了综述,主要从提高烟气中二价汞比例,同时要抑制脱硫浆液中的二价汞的还原这两方面进行了研究综述,提高WFGD系统脱汞效率的措施有添加氧化剂,气相氧化技术,液相氧化技术,催化氧化技术,光氧化技术,以及电氧化脱汞技术,本文给出它们各自的研究进展及各自的优缺点;抑制零价汞的再释放主要是通过添加沉淀剂的方法实现,在WFGD系统中添加S~(2-)、H~(S-)等还原性离子,使Hg~(2+)形成沉淀从而抑制零价汞的再释放。     

燃煤工业锅炉重金属排放特征研究

通过对6台燃煤工业锅炉污染物控制装置前后烟气中重金属浓度进行测试,考察了静电除尘器(ESP)、湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)和脱硫除尘一体化装置对烟气中重金属排放的影响。研究结果表明:ESP对烟气中的重金属有较好的捕集效果,对Pb、Cd、Cr的去除效率均为50%以上,通过对2台工业锅炉烟气中重金属排放测试发现,静电除尘器对Hg的去除率分别为45.70%和29.63%;经WFGD装置洗涤后,烟气中Hg、Pb、Cd的浓度均低于10μg/m3;脱硫除尘一体化技术对Hg、Pb和Cd的去除效果不明显,4号锅炉烟气脱硫后Pb的排放浓度高达65.76μg/m3。ESP+WFGD烟气处理装置较脱硫除尘一体化装备能够更好地控制烟气中重金属的排放。     

基于pH值分区控制的湿法烟气脱硫增效研究

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统在我国具有广泛的应用,如何提高传统WFGD系统的污染物脱除效率,对燃煤电站SO_2实现超低排放具有重要的意义.本文基于pH分区控制,设计搭建了新型双循环湿法烟气脱硫试验系统,重点研究了烟气量、SO_2浓度、喷淋密度等对pH分区特性及系统脱硫性能的影响.研究发现,随着烟气量、入口SO_2浓度的增加,喷淋密度的降低,主副浆液池pH值差值增大;脱硫效率随着烟气量、入口SO——2浓度的降低,喷淋密度的增加而升高.基于pH分区控制的新型双循环湿法烟气脱硫系统相比传统脱硫系统内部结构简单、同时具有较高的污染物脱除效率,可为现有脱硫系统增效改造提供一条有利途径.     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

复合脱硫添加剂在湿法烟气脱硫系统中的工程应用

在某300MW脱硫机组对添加剂强化SO2吸收,实现高效SO2脱除的作用规律进行了研究.结果表明,脱硫添加剂的加入可以有效提高WFGD系统污染物的脱除效率,减少吸收塔浆液池浆液pH值的波动,提高石灰石传质,增加石灰石利用率和脱硫副产品石膏的品质;添加剂对SO2浓度变化具有良好的适应性,能够保证系统高效、长期稳定的运行;添加剂在脱硫系统的主要损失是石膏携带导致.通过添加剂实现WFGD系统的高效稳定运行是一种有效的手段.     

贵阳市小型燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的形态及释放

选择贵阳市某厂的1台安装有湿法脱硫除尘的燃煤锅炉,研究湿法脱硫除尘前后燃煤烟气中颗粒态汞(Hgp)、氧化态汞(Hg2+)、原子态汞(Hg0)以及总汞(Hgt)的含量和形态分布。结果显示,湿法脱硫除尘后的颗粒态汞、氧化态汞、原子态汞分别约占总汞的10 4%,6 0%,83 6%。湿法脱硫除尘器对氧化态汞与颗粒态汞有很好的去除效率(分别为87 9%,76 1%),而对原子态汞的去除效率较差(为30 4%)。由于对该锅炉的年燃煤量统计有一定的误差以及烟气采样分析方法本身存在的误差,该锅炉输出的总汞略大于输入的总汞,质量平衡结果为:输出输入=103 6%～107 4%。煤经过燃烧后,总汞的释放因子为:41 7%残留在底灰中,65 7%进入烟气中,其中经过湿法脱硫除尘器的净化,26 7%的汞随除尘废水排放到水环境中,7 8%存在于经过除尘后的渣中,25 05%随清洁烟气释放到大气中。      

CeCl3/活性炭纤维去除模拟烟气中单质汞的实验研究

运用等量浸渍法制备了一系列CeCl3/ACF去除剂,研究了不同负载量、不同温度和不同烟气成分对其脱汞效果的影响,并采用BET和XRD 等手段对去除剂的理化性质进行了表征.结果表明,负载CeCl3后显著改善了活性碳纤维的脱汞能力,在本实验条件下,CeCl3的最佳负载量为5%(质量分数);当反应温度低于140°C时,去除剂的脱汞效率随着温度的升高而升高,当反应温度超过140°C后,去除效率随温度的升高而下降; 通过考察NO、SO2和水蒸气对ACF脱汞效果的影响发现,NO对单质汞脱除具有一定的促进作用,不同浓度的NO与单质汞的脱除效率之间存在正相关关系;SO2对单质汞的脱除具有抑制作用,且脱除效率随着SO2浓度的增加而下降;水蒸气对单质汞的脱除具有阻碍作用.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.