Three industries and wastewater and COD discharge of Beijing

Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ,ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｗｉｆｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｎｄｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ′ｓｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ,ｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｕｓｅａｍｏｕｎｔａｎｄｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｂｉｇｇｅｒａｎｄｂｉｇｇｅｒ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｉｓｇｅｔｔｉｎｇｗｏｒｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｓｅ .Ｓｏｉｌａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ,ａｎｄｐｅｏｐ…     

Trends and characteristics of total ozone’and vertical profile in Kunming and Beijing，China

This paper presents the trends of total ozone at Beijing and Kunming areas during the period of 1979 to 1989．The SBUV ozone vertical profile data and the periodic oscillation in upper ozone layers over Beijing area are also described．The results show that the variation of Beijing and Kunming per decade are about-5%and-1.5%．respectively．     

Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research——A review on synthesis and characterization

Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following14 trivalent(Ⅲ) and pentavalent() arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid(MMA~Ⅲ), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite(MMA~Ⅲ(Cys)_2), monomethylarsonic acid(MMA~Ⅴ),monomethylmonothioarsonic acid(MMMTAⅤ) or monothio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyldithioarsonic acid(MMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyltrithioarsonate(MMTTA~Ⅴ) or trithio-MMA~Ⅴ,dimethylarsinous acid(DMA~Ⅲ), dimethylarsino-glutathione(DMA~Ⅲ(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid(DMA~Ⅴ), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid(DMMTA~Ⅴ) or monothio-DMAⅤ, dimethyldithioarsinic acid(DMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-DMA~Ⅴ, trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO~Ⅴ), arsenobetaine(AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods,synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.     

Dynamic simulation and modeling of PCP transport between sediment and water

ＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆＰＣＰｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒＬｉＴｉｅ，ＹｅＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ，ＬｅｉＺｈｉｆａｎｇＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏＥｎｖｉｒｏ...     

Chemical behavior and risk assessment of four pesticidesin soil and water

ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｆｏｕｒｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｓｉｎｓｏｉｌａｎｄｗａｔｅｒＪｉａｎｇＸｉｌｉｕ；ＨｕａＸｉａｏｍｅｉ（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｒｎｅｎｔＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｎａ...     

β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives-enhanced solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrobiphenyl

This paper investigated the effects of β-cyclodextrins （I3-CD） and its two derivatives, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin （HPCD） and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin （CMCD）, on the solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrophenyl by an A cinetbacter sp. Results showed that β-CD, HPCD and CMCD could not be utilized by A cinetbacter sp. as sole carbon source and none of the CDs had toxic effects on the growth of the bacteria in the experiments; all the CDs could enhance the apparent solubility and accelerate the biodegradation of 2-nitrobipheny. It showed that biodegradation-accelerating effects of CDs on 2-nitrobiphenyl were correlated with their solubility-enhancing effects. Among three CDs investigated, CMCD had the most obvious effects both on the apparent solubility and the biodegradation, followed by β-CD and HPCD.     

Side-effects of organic and inorganic pollutants on soil nitrification and respiration

Ｓｉｄｅ－ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｏｒｇａｎｉｃａｎｄｉｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｏｎｓｏｉｌｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ￥ＧｏｎｇＰｉｎｇ；ＳｕｎＴｉｅｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｃｈ...     

China''s environmental scientific research and technology development: review and envisage

Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ：ｒｅｖｉｅｗａｎｄｅｎｖｉｓａｇｅＬｉｕＪｉａｎＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳ＆ＴｆｏｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，...     

Geoecological analysis of the Korea alpine and subalpine plants and lands

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｏｏｋｐｌａｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｓｕｅｓ...     

Coupling of water and land resources and its application in regionalization

ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈａｖｅｖａｒｉｅｄｅｆｅｃｔｓｏｎｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ，ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｔｏｂｕｉ...     

Global implications of biomass and biofuel use in Germany – Recent trends and future scenarios for domestic and foreign agricultural land use and resulting GHG emissions

The global land area required to meet the German consumption of agricultural products for food and non-food use was quantified, and the related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly those induced by land-use changes in tropical countries, were estimated. Two comprehensive business-as-usual scenarios describe the development corridor of biomass for non-food use in terms of energetic and non-energetic purposes. In terms of land use, Germany was already a net importer of agricultural land in 2004, and the net additional land required by 2030 is estimated to comprise 2.5–3.4 Mha. This is mainly due to biofuel demand driven by current policy targets. Meeting the required biodiesel import demand would result in an additional GWP of 23–37 Tg of CO₂ equivalents through direct and indirect land-use changes. Alternative scenario elements outline the potential options for reducing Germany's land requirement, which reflect future global per capita availability.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

Cold-loving microbes, plants, and animals—fundamental and applied aspects

Microorganisms, plants, and animals have successfully colonized cold environments, which represent the majority of the biosphere on Earth. They have evolved special mechanisms to overcome the life-endangering influence of low temperature and to survive freezing. Cold adaptation includes a complex range of structural and functional adaptations at the level of all cellular constituents, such as membranes, proteins, metabolic activity, and mechanisms to avoid the destructive effect of intracellular ice formation. These strategies offer multiple biotechnological applications of cold-adapted organisms and/or their products in various fields. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of microorganisms, plants, and animals to cope with the cold and the resulting biotechnological perspectives.     

Ammonia storage and slip under steady and transient state in close-coupled SCR

The close-coupled selective catalytic reduction(cc-SCR) catalyst is an effective technology to reduce tailpipe NOx emission during cold start. This paper investigated the optimal ammonia storage under steady and transient state in the cc-SCR. The study showed that a trade-off between NOx conversion efficiency and ammonia slip is observed on the pareto solutions under steady state, and the optimal ammonia storage is calculated with ammonia slip less than 10 μL/L based on the China Ⅵ emission legi...     

Ecological and environmental characteristics and management planning of Mawei Economic Development District

The natural and social background of the district was described, and the major ecological and environmental problems were analysed. The measures and planning for the ecological and environmental protection were recommended. Systematic analysis method and environmental mathematical models were suggested to be used for the ecological and environmental general planning in this paper.     

Sorption and desorption kinetics of phthalates and phenol on water/sediment interface

Ｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆｐｈｔｈａｌａｔｅｓａｎｄｐｈｅｎｏｌｏｎｗａｔｅｒ／ｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅＹｅＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ，ＺｈａｏＷｕｓｈａｎ，ＬｉＴｉｅ，ＬｅｉＺｈｉｆａｎｇ，ＹａｎＨａｉＲｅｓ...     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Environmental protection and ecology-Indian experience

An attempt has been made in this paper to highlight some of environmental problems and suggest possible solutions for planning water resources development projects.     

Sustainable development and environmental protection

The focus of this paper is on protecting the environment in resource development and not on economic issues even though many obstacles to sustainability include social, political and economic factors. Many stark examples of past failures in resource development serve as grim reminders for future planning. Most of the options will require an evaluation as to their appropriateness as well as to the economic capability and commitment of developing countries and international development institutions to incorporate them into programs.