超声灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫研究

为研究超声对饮用水中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)的灭活情况,考察了超声频率、功率、pH值和温度对灭活率的影响,通过形态学观察初步探讨了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制,并进行了灭活动力学分析.结果表明,低频有利于隐孢子虫灭活,19.8kHz,pH7.2,温度(20±1)℃条件下超声15min灭活率可达92.5%,频率升高灭活率反而下降.在本实验条件下,超声功率103W对隐孢子虫的灭活效果与151W的相近,pH值对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响不大,36℃超声灭活15min灭活率为95.6%,而在9℃下超声15min灭活率为88.3%,水温升高有利于灭活.灭活前后的形态学变化表明超声空化作用导致细胞膜破坏,细胞质流出从而起到灭活孢囊的效果.超声灭活隐孢子虫遵循假一级反应动力学,灭活隐孢子虫以低频率高功率的效果最好,可认为隐孢子虫的灭活以超声空化的强度为主.     

紫外/超声协同灭活隐孢子虫的影响因素及机制

为研究UV/US（Ultraviolet/Ultrasonic,紫外/超声）协同对水中隐孢子虫的灭活机制,采用UV灯（功率为14 W）与US发生器（频率为20 kHz,功率为150 W）组合装置协同灭活隐孢子虫,考察pH、温度、浊度和HA（腐殖酸）对UV/US协同灭活隐孢子虫的影响,并通过SEM（扫描电镜）、蛋白质试验和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测对灭活机制进行了探讨.结果表明:pH对UV/US杀灭隐孢子虫的影响不大,碱性条件下灭活率略高于中性和酸性条件;温度对灭活率有一定影响,5℃下灭活率较低,随温度的上升,灭活率逐渐提高,25℃下10 min灭活率可达99%以上;悬浮物抑制隐孢子虫的灭活,浊度为40 NTU时,UV/US作用25 min的灭活率仅为93.88%;HA对灭活的影响表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制;ρ（HA）高于10 mg/L时,继续增大ρ（HA）对隐孢子虫灭活率影响不大.研究显示:UV/US协同作用对隐孢子虫的灭活机制主要是使其卵囊破裂,同时损伤了隐孢子虫胞内的DNA.      

超声灭活水中隐孢子虫影响因素及机制

采用超声灭活隐孢子虫卵囊,超声频率为19.8kHz,功率为151W,温度控制在(20±1)℃, 探讨了浊度、ρ(腐殖酸)及无机离子质量浓度对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察及动力学分析探究了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制. 结果表明:在浊度为0~21.46NTU范围内,隐孢子虫的灭活率先升后降,浊度为1.13NTU时灭活率最高,为94.7%;隐孢子虫灭活率随ρ(腐殖酸)的增加而降低,当ρ(腐殖酸)为50.0mg/L时灭活率降至78.4%. Cu2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-对灭活率影响较小,当ρ(Cu2+)为0.5mg/L时,隐孢子虫灭活率(93.2%)比未添加Cu2+时增加了0.7%;ρ(CO₃2-)增加,隐孢子虫灭活率下降,当ρ(CO₃2-)为150mg/L时灭活率降至82.5%. 扫描电镜形态学观察表明,超声可破坏隐孢子虫细胞结构;动力学分析表明,自由基氧化作用对灭活率的贡献为15.6%,说明超声灭活隐孢子虫的主要机制为空化作用产生的机械剪切作用.      

氯气灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫的影响因素

应用荧光活体染色法研究Cl2在水体中杀灭隐孢子虫的效果,并探讨投加量、作用时间、浑浊度、pH值、温度、有机物含量等对Cl2灭活隐孢子虫效果的影响规律,找出最佳投加量和作用时间.结果显示,隐孢子虫浓度1×106个/mL,温度22℃,pH7.0,浊度为1.0NTU,氯气投加量大于6.3mg/L,反应时间360min,隐孢子虫的灭活率可以达到预期灭活效果(灭活率﹥99.0%).隐孢子虫的灭活率与氯气投加量和作用时间成正相关;灭活率随着浑浊度增加逐渐下降,浑浊度0.1~20.0NTU范围内,氯气投加量为6.3mg/L,作用时间大于900min,即可保证隐孢子虫的灭活率符合预定要求;在弱酸性条件下氯气灭活隐孢子虫能力强于碱性条件,反应温度(5.0~35.0℃)范围内,隐孢子虫的灭活率与温度成正相关;HA浓度0~10.0mg/L,作用时间为360min时,灭活率随有机物浓度增加而降低.当作用时间为900min时,水中隐孢子虫的灭活率均大于99.0%.     

二氧化氯灭活水中隐孢子虫的影响因素及机理研究

以荧光活体染色法研究了ClO2浓度、灭活时间、浊度、pH值、温度、有机物含量等,对ClO2灭活隐孢子虫效果的影响,并利用扫描电镜和蛋白质实验初步探究了灭活机理.结果显示,当pH7.0,水温为25℃,浊度为1NTU时,投加3mg/L ClO2经过120min,可以达到最适消毒效果(存活率小于1%),隐孢子虫的灭活率与ClO2投加浓度、作用时间成非线性正相关.浊度是影响ClO2灭活隐孢子虫的主要因素,浊度越低,灭活效果越佳;水温(较)低,灭活效果稍差;酸性较于碱性更适宜ClO2灭活隐孢子虫;可溶性有机物一定程度上影响ClO2的灭活效果.扫描电镜和蛋白试验表明,ClO2主要破坏其细胞表面结构,从而引起隐孢子虫死亡.     

二氧化氯对水源水中摇蚊幼虫灭活效果的研究

采用二氧化氯和液氯灭活蒸馏水中的第1龄期摇蚊幼虫, 在此基础上, 考察了人工配水和天然原水中二氧化氯对1龄摇蚊幼虫的灭活特征,探讨了原水温度和pH值对二氧化氯灭活1龄摇蚊幼虫的影响.结果表明,与液氯相比, 二氧化氯对1龄摇蚊幼虫具有更好的灭活作用,投加量1.5mg/L,接触30min可以达到100%的灭活率; pH值在5.5~8.1变化对二氧化氯的灭活效果不会产生影响;二氧化氯对1龄摇蚊幼虫的灭活率随TOC的增加而降低;在10~30℃,温度升高能够提高二氧化氯的灭活效果,当原水温度从30℃降低到15℃时灭活率下降为84.5%.     

超声降解甲胺磷农药废水

 采用功率超声的新方法,研究了超声波功率、频率、声强、变幅杆直径、溶液初始pH值以及空化气体种类等因素对降解甲胺磷农药废水的影响.结果表明,甲胺磷的降解率与超声反应时间基本呈线性关系,具有一级反应动力学特征;低频范围内改变超声波频率对甲胺磷降解的影响很小;增大超声波功率、声强和变幅杆直径,甲胺磷降解率明显提高f25mm时可达61.7%;溶液初始pH值的影响显著,酸性条件有利于甲胺磷降解;充入空化气体对甲胺磷降解有利,其影响排序为空气>Ar>O2>N2.     

超声吹脱处理印染废水中氨氮的研究

采用超声吹脱技术对某印染厂印染废水中的氨氮进行了处理实验和机理探索,考察了废水初始pH值、超声功率、温度对氨氮去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当超声波功率为100W,温度为30℃,不改变原水pH值,反应150min后,废水中氨氮的去除率可以达到90.78%,与传统的吹脱技术相比提高了30%～40%。超声吹脱去除氨氮的机理主要是废水中的氨氮以游离态的形式在超声辐射产生的空化效应下高温高压热解成氮气和氢气排出,同时氨气在空化效应产生的超临界状态下传质速度加快,在吹脱条件下更易于从废水中散失。     

超声降解十二烷基苯磺酸钠的实验研究

采用功率超声的新方法降解水体有机污染物十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (SDBS) ,实验研究了超声反应时间、超声波频率、功率、声强、溶液初始pH值、变幅杆直径和空化气体等因素的影响 .结果表明 :SDBS降解率与超声反应时间呈线性关系 ,具有一级反应动力学特征 ;低频范围内改变超声波频率 ,对SDBS降解率的影响不大 ;增大超声波功率、声强和辐照面积 ,可以明显提高SDBS降解率 ,最高为 4 2 5 % ;溶液初始pH值对SDBS降解率的影响较为显著 ;充入空化气体 ,SDBS降解率明显提高 ,其影响排序为Ar >O2 >N2 .     

VUV/US耦合深度处理印染废水尾水的研究

采用真空紫外(VUV)/高频超声(US)耦合深度处理印染废水尾水,以TOC和UV254为污染物指标,比较了不同功率下VUV、US和VUV/US降解印染废水尾水的效果,以确定VUV/US的最佳功率组合;通过批式实验,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、初始pH值对VUV/US降解印染废水尾水效能的影响规律,解释了VUV/US对TOC和UV254的降解动力学.通过分析降解产物,揭示了VUV/US对印染废水尾水中残余难降解有机物的去除机理.结果表明,VUV/US的最佳功率组合为VUV16W、US100W,VUV/US处理印染废水尾水的效果明显优于单独UV和US的情况,存在着协同增效作用,反应120 min后VUV/US对TOC及UV254的去除率分别达到27.68%和93.03%.反应温度、初值pH值对VUV/US处理效果的影响较小.VUV/US降解TOC和UV254的反应动力学分别符合表观二级动力学模型和表观一级动力学模型.VUV/US过程是VUV直接光解、超声空化气泡内的热裂解和羟基自由基的氧化等协同作用,印染废水尾水中以苯系物为代表的难降解物主要通过羟基自由基的氧化作用去除.     

Ecophysiological responses of winter wheat seedling to aerosol wet deposition of Xi’an area, China

Aerosol leads to 30% reduction in solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface, and a similar reduction in crops yield for both wheat and rice. To determine the effect of aerosol wet deposition on crops, aerosol samples were collected in September, 2006 at Xi’an urban suburb (34?44 N, 109?49 E), and wheat seedlings were treated with aerosol of different concentrations in laboratory conditions. Changes in physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat seedlings were measured. In comparison with the control, the activities of superoxide dismudase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the concentration malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) of wheat seedlings increased progressively with increasing concentrations of added aerosol, while the opposite trend was seen for the activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO), and the ratio of GSH/GSSG. When the seedlings were treated with the aerosol of 1 and 2 mg/L, the coleoptile elongation, shoot elongation and biomass accumulation were increased, the effect at treatment of 2 mg/L was most significant. However, aerosol treatments with rates of 3 and 4 mg/L resulted in a decrease in coleoptile elongation, shoot elongation and biomass accumulation in seedlings, and significant effect was for the treatment of 4 mg/L. Hence, lower concentrations of aerosol wet deposition were in favor of crops growth, but its higher concentrations could result in deleterious effects for crops and decreased crops growth.     

Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by ozone and cell ultrastructures

The fluorescence staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the effect of ozone (O3) inactivating Cryptosporidium in water and cell ultrastructures variation to shed light on the mechanism of inactivation preliminarily.Results indicated that O3 had a stronger inactivating capability.When the concentration of O3 was above 3.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 7 min,a significant inactivating effect could be achieved.The turbidity on inactivation effects was also found to be statistically significant in artificial water.With increases in turbidity,the inactivating effect decreased.Inactivation rate improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25°C,but decreased beyond this.The inactivating capability of O3 was found to be stronger under acidic than that under alkalic conditions.When the concentration of organic matter in the reaction system was increased,the competition between Cryptosporidium and organics with O3 probably took place,thereby reducing the inactivation rate.In addition,the cellular morphology of Cryptosporidium varied with different contact times.At zero contact time,cells were rotundity and sphericity,at 60 sec they became folded,underwent emboly,and burst at 480 sec,the cell membrane of Cryptosporidium shrinked and collapsed completely.     

臭氧灭活水中铜绿微囊藻影响因素研究

为研究臭氧在水体中杀灭铜绿微囊藻的效果,利用中性红染色法探讨了不同因素(臭氧投量、作用时间、pH值、温度、浑浊度、初始藻细胞密度等)对臭氧灭活铜绿微囊藻效果的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投量和作用时间的延长,藻灭活率明显增加.当浑浊度0.5~20NTU,温度5~35℃, pH值6.0~9.0,同时浊度越低,灭活效果越好;随温度上升,臭氧灭活铜绿微囊藻能力减弱;碱性较酸性条件下臭氧杀灭铜绿微囊藻的能力更强.藻样初始浓度对杀藻效果影响较大,细胞密度增大,杀藻效果急剧下降.当初始藻细胞密度为1.0×107cells/L,臭氧投量为2.0mg/L,作用时间40min以上时,在饮用水消毒的浊度、温度、pH值范围内,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率在99.0%以上,繁殖能力降低到0.     

Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process

Ultrasonic/O3 combined process was employed to pretreat heterocyclic pesticide wastewater for increasing biodegradability and reducing biological toxicity. Influences of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, probe diameter, initial pH and O3 dosage on the COD removal were studied. The results showed that the ultrasonic/O3 process significantly improved the biodegradability and reduced the biological toxicity of the wastewater. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.03 to 0.55 and the EC50 increased from 11% to 52% under ultrasonic/O3 treatment. Low ultrasonic frequency brought better COD removal. Initial pH was found to have a high influence on the COD removal and alkaline conditions were more favorable. The influences of ultrasonic power and probe diameter were small. With an increase in O3 dosage, COD removal was e ectively improved. The optimal operational parameters for the combined process on COD removal were ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz, initial pH 9.00, ultrasonic power 300Wand dosage of O3 454.8 mg/(L min), under which the e ciency of COD removal reached 67.2%.     

高频超声降解偶氮染料活性红MX-5B废水的研究

采用高频超声降解偶氮染料活性红MX-5B模拟废水,考察了溶液初始pH值、超声参数、曝气、Fe2+浓度以及多频效应对活性红MX-5B超声降解过程的影响,并初步探讨了活性红MX-5B的超声降解规律.结果表明,酸性条件下,高频超声能有效降解MX-5B,当pH=3.5,f=418.3kHz,P=69W时,反应180 min后,MX-5B模拟废水脱色完全.微量Fe2+与超声空化产生的H2 O2形成类Fenton体系,可强化MX-5B的脱色反应.曝气有利于MX-5B脱色,但影响不大.多频超声对MX-5B的脱色效果优于单频超声处理效果.超声降解MX-5B以自由基氧化机制为主,并遵循表观一级反应动力学.染料分子中的NN形成的共轭发色体系已完全破坏,芳香结构也大部分遭到了羟基自由基的破坏.