大气环境质量评价的标度指数法

提出用标度表示大气污染物分指数和大气环境质量综合指数新概念。依据大气污染物浓度等比赋值,其危害程度等差分级原则,导出了标度分指数和综合指数的计算公式。标度分指数表达形式简单、规范,对任何污染程度都以统一基准衡量;标度综合指数既能反映多种污染物并存对环境的综合影响,又适当突出严重污染物对环境的危害。通过对实例的应用、分析和比较,证实了该评价方法的有效性、可比性和通用性,且这些性质不受污染物种类和数目多少的限制。     

环境质量分析与评价

X823 9901911大气环境质量评价的标度指数法/李柞泳(成都气象学院大气电子工程系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1998,18(5)一433~436 环信X一58 提出用标度表示大气污染物分指数和大气环境质量综合指数新概念。依据大气污染物浓度等比赋值,其危害程度等差分级原则,导出了标度分指数和综合指数的计算公式。标度分指数表达形式简单、规范,对任何污染程度都以统一基准衡量;标度综合指数既能反映多种污染物并存对环境的综合影响,又适当突出严重污染物对环境的危害。通过对实例的应用、分析和比较,证实了该评价方法的有效性、可比性和通用…     

室内空气质量评价及研究

通过对室内空气监测样本得到的数据进行处理,应用最高分指数与平均分指数兼顾的空气质量指数法,将所得到的室内空气质量综合指数和甲醛质量分指数进行评价,同时比较所监测样本中综合指数与甲醛分指数的关系。结果表明,随着装修年限的延长,综合指数在逐渐减小,甲醛分指数也逐渐减少;室内空气中甲醛分指数与综合指数的曲线变化几乎一致,它们之间呈线性关系。     

河流底质重金属污染综合评价

应用综合污染指数法和因子分析法对温州河流底质重金属污染进行综合评价研究.结果表明:温瑞塘河底质重金属污染比瓯江严重,新桥站位重金属污染最严重,龙湾站位重金属污染最轻.因子分析法得出的河流站位底质重金属污染程度的名次排序为新桥＞东水厂＞白象＞仙门＞清水埠＞杨府山＞小旦＞龙湾,除清水埠与仙门的排序不一致外,评价的结果与综合污染指数法一致,利用因子分析法比较城市水流域底质重金属污染程度是可行的,并且因子分析法优于综合污染指数法.     

太湖流域河流水质评价因子选择探讨及研究

采用合理的水质评价因子,才能科学评价和全面反映河流水环境污染状况。以太湖流域河流为研究对象,探讨河流水质评价因子的筛选原则,采用单因子指数评价方法和综合污染指数法,分析和筛选主要污染因子,综合考虑影响水质的各方面的因素以及太湖流域污染状况,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、化学耗氧量、氨氮、总磷、石油类、挥发酚、汞、铅指标作为太湖流域河流水质评价因子。     

土壤环境重金属污染风险的综合评价模型

综合考虑了土壤环境中重金属的总量富集污染及各重金属在土壤中不同赋存形态的生物有效性差异,将风险评估指数(RAC)嵌入地累积指数模型,建立了土壤环境重金属污染风险的综合评价模型。应用所建模型评价某典型污灌区土壤中各重金属污染的风险程度,通过分析评价结果以及和同类模型评价结果的对比,所建模型更全面、真实地表征了该区域土壤重金属污染的风险水平,为我国土壤资源管理和优先控制因子的选取提供了新思路。     

地下水污染评价中单因子指数法的优化

单因子指数法是一种常用的水环境污染评价方法。但由于单因子指数法仅仅是对单个污染因子与其本身的标准限值进行比较评价,单纯的污染指数无法反映出污染因子对人体的毒性之间的差异,即使污染物的污染指数相同其毒性也有差异。针对这种掩蔽作用,在某化工企业聚集区地下水环境污染调查中,运用单因子指数法进行污染评价,引入健康风险评价最大致癌风险值来对单因子指数法进行优化,优化之后的综合污染指数可以同时表征污染因子浓度对水环境的危害程度以及对人体的危害性。这种优化可以较好地解决污染因子毒性的掩蔽作用,从而得到更加准确的评价结果。     

辽河源头区的水体现状及评价研究

通过单因子指数评价法、模糊综合评价法、水质指数评价法对辽河源头区2008年-2012年的水质进行评价,发现辽河源头区所受污染较为严重,其中氨氮、BOD5和COD超标严重,对水体水质的污染影响较大。三种评价标准中,单因子评价法过于严苛,忽略了不同评价因子之间的联系;模糊综合评价法缺少对超过地表水标准的水质类别的定位,不能确定首要污染物;水质指数评价法不仅能反应水质状况,还能确定水体的污染程度及首要污染因子,是较为理想的方法。     

四种水质评价方法的特点分析与比较研究

以四川省部分河流监测断面水质资料为基础,对单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、模糊综合评价法和水质指数法四种水质评价法的水质评价过程和评价结果进行比较分析,找出了各评价方法的特点.经过分析,四种水质评价方法的评价结果基本一致,但特点各有不同,单因子评价法能确保水体安全,综合污染指数法能判断水体污染状况,模糊综合评价法适用于科学研究,不宜用于水环境质量现状评价,水质指数法与单因子评价法结果一致,能在不同水体不同时期进行对比,,既能判定水质类别,又能找出最大污染因子,应加以推广.     

基于三角模糊数的河流沉积物中重金属污染评价模型

将模糊集理论引入污染评价领域,建立基于三角模糊数的地累积指数模糊评价模型.用三角模糊数表示沉积物污染物浓度和地球化学背景值,并通过α-截集技术和区间数的隶属度计算得出重金属污染程度级别,从而为重金属的综合污染评价提出一种新的思路.将该模型应用于湘江7个河段底泥沉积物重金属污染的评价,结果表明,7个河段沉积物中重金属污染严重,且6种重金属的地累积指数差异较大,各种重金属的富集程度由高至低排列的顺序为:CdZnHgPbAsCr.各河段沉积物中重金属的综合污染程度顺序为:衡阳湘潭郴州长沙岳阳株洲永州.Cd、Zn和Hg是各河段沉积物污染的主要环境污染因子.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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