地下水中阴离子洗涤剂的监测分析和过程控制

随着科技进步和工业发展,洗涤剂在人们的生活中得到了广泛应用.在锡盟地区,日常生活中洗涤剂的使用成为地下水污染的一个主要因素.对地下水中阴离子表面活性剂测定试验证明:亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂十分有效;阴离子表面活性剂测定监测分析及过程控制很有意义.     

间隔流动分析和流动注射分析在环境监测中的应用

介绍了间隔流动分析和流动注射分析的原理、仪器构造及其在环境监测中的应用 ;简要介绍了SKALARSANplus间隔流动分析仪和它在环境监测中的 7个检测项目 :挥发酚、阴离子表面活性剂、总氰化物、硝酸氮、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮、磷酸盐     

间隔流动分析和流动注射分析在环境监测中的应用

介绍了间隔流动分析和流动注射分析的原理、仪器构造及其在环境监测中的应用；简要介绍了SKALAR SAN^plus间隔流动分析仪和它在环境监测中的7个检测项目：挥发酚、阴离子表面活性剂、总氰化物、硝酸氮、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮、磷酸盐。     

AA3连续流动注射分析仪在水质分析中的常见故障及日常维护

介绍了AA3连续流动注射分析仪分析环境水样中氨氮、阴离子表面活性剂、挥发酚和氰化物时碰到的常见故障、产生原因、解决办法及日常维护,为使用相关仪器的分析人员快速解决类似问题提供一定参考。     

非一阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃（PAHs）萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂增溶PAHs的强化效果.结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为：Tween 80 ＞TX-100＞ Tween 20＞ SDS＞SDBS.将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大.低浓度（0.03 mol/L）的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显.     

废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定的一种新方法

报道了测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂的一种新方法,即利用微相吸附-光谱修正(MSASC)原理研究十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与碱紫(DLV)的结合反应,定量分析废水样品中的阴离子表面活性剂(AS)。试验结果表明DLV与SDBS之间的作用符合Lang-muir单分子层吸附。利用该方法分别对受污染河水、生活污水、合成废水样品进行阴离子表面活性剂的测定,加标回收率达到97.5%,相对标准偏差<5.2%,且多种阴离子、阳离子、氨基酸和葡萄糖不影响该方法的测定结果。     

分光光度法测定水样中总氰化物的测量不确定度评定

采用分光光度法测定水样中的总氰化物浓度,评定其测量不确定度.按照测量不确定度的传播规律建立总氰化物浓度的测量不确定度数学模型,通过对整个测定过程中所产生的各不确定度分量的分析和计算,求出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.     

水中氨氮测量不确定度的评定

通过对测定水中氨氮测量不确定度的全面分析.找出影响不确定度的因素,对不确定度进行评估,给出了该分析项目的测量不确定度,如实反映了测量的置信度和准确度.     

从水体中的磷和阴离子表面活性剂的相关分析看保定市洗涤剂禁磷的成效

本文通过对保定市各地表水系中常规监测点位采样，对样品中阴离子表面活性剂、总磷进行分析测定，利用不同监测点监测数据分析水体中阴离子表面活性剂和总磷的相关分析，以探讨洗涤剂对水体中总磷的贡献、禁磷对减少水体中总磷的作用。     

乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的不确定度评定研究

采用乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量,并分析了测量过程中不确定度的来源:样品和标准物质的称量,容量瓶、移液管和滴定管的体积,以及测量的重复性等.在此基础上对各不确定度分量进行评定,并计算得到合成不确定度和扩展不确定度.最后提出了在测定过程中减小不确定度的有效途径,认为乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的结果不确定度主要来源于重复性测定,增加测量次数可以减小重复性的不确定度,从而降低测定不确定度.当土壤中阳离子交换量为22.5 cmol(+)/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.0 cmol(+)/kg,置信水平为95%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.