鄱阳湖水系细菌群落结构特征及构建机制

为探讨不同时空尺度下河流细菌群落结构和构建机制,于枯水期(10～翌年1月)和丰水期(4～8月)在鄱阳湖水系(五河七口)共进行8次水样采集,基于高通量测序技术分析了细菌群落结构、网络交互作用及构建机制.结果表明:Shannon指数丰水期(5.12)显著高于枯水期(4.45),Chao1指数不同水期间差异不显著,丰水期与枯水期内α多样性均存在显著差异.不同站点间细菌群落α多样性差异不显著,β多样性存在差异.假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota,34.72%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,32.35%)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria,13.21%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,10.81%)是鄱阳湖水系的优势菌门,相对于枯水期,丰水期Pseudomonadota和Actinobacteriota相对丰度显著下降,Cyanobacteria和Bacteroidota显著上升.水温(WT)和平均河网长度(MDSL)是影响门水平细菌群落结构的主要环境因子.水体细菌群落的生态网络相互协作、竞争关系并存,丰水期物种间复杂性和稳定性强于枯水期.流量(WF)、WT和溶解...     

渭河浮游细菌群落结构特征及其关键驱动因子

基于T-rflp技术和高通量测序技术,分析了渭河在平水期、枯水期和丰水期的浮游细菌群落变化特征,并采用冗余分析和典范对应分析识别了不同水文时期影响细菌群落的关键环境因子.结果表明,渭河水体浮游细菌群落空间和季节差异明显,且季节性差异比空间差异更加显著.平水期、枯水期和丰水期渭河(陕西段)干流浮游细菌群落Shannon多样性指数分别在2.13~2.82、2.05~2.84和2.61~2.91之间.平水期浮游细菌多样性指数空间差异最大(RSD=16.75%),样点间群落结构相似度最低(26.8%),流域优势T-RF片段数最多(23种);丰水期浮游细菌Shannon指数空间差异最小(RSD=9.27%),样点间群落相似度最高(62.6%),且检出的优势片段数最少(12种).咸阳-西安段是浮游细菌群落多样性最低、优势菌群结构最单一的河段.河流水体细菌群落在不同时期的关键环境驱动因子不同,而其中悬浮颗粒物(TSS)浓度是不同水文时期都不可忽视的关键影响因子.高通量分析结果表明,丰水期渭河水体浮游细菌物种涉及21个已知细菌门类和26个候选门类,其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)共同的相对丰度占比达到75%以上,是最主要的细菌类群.汛期渭河干流各样点浮游细菌群落特征趋于一致,物种结构与泾河相似而与黑河存在明显差异.     

人类活动强度对锦江浮游细菌群落结构的影响

为分析人类活动强度对锦江浮游细菌群落结构的影响机制,本研究于2021年1月（枯水期）和7月（丰水期）在锦江21个采样点采集表层水样,基于高通量测序技术研究浮游细菌群落特征,运用网络分析等方法阐明浮游细菌群落的交互作用,并探讨人类活动强度对其结构及构建过程的影响.结果表明：①枯/丰水期第一优势浮游细菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,53.08%/37.84%）,其次是放线菌门（Actinobacteriota,30.89%/32.05%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota,9.41%/13.94%）;②与枯水期相比,丰水期浮游细菌群落的距离衰减效应更强,且其群落结构的季节变化大于人类活动强度影响下的空间变化,平均最近邻体指数（ENN_MN）和农田是影响河流细菌群落的最主要因子,而该群落构建过程主要由不同水化学指标驱动;③Proteobacteria和Patescibacteria是浮游细菌群落交互作用的关键物种,低干扰强度下浮游细菌群落交互网络的稳定性优于其他干扰强度,林地和温度（T）分别是影响枯/丰水期网络稳定性的主要环境因子.④人类活动强度变化可通过调节确定性和随机性过程平衡来影响浮游细菌群落构建,随着强度增加,确定性过程对浮游细菌群落构建的相对重要性不断增强,且人类活动强度每增加10%,将使浮游细菌群落交互网络的稳定性在枯/丰水期分别减少约 6.38%和6.06%.以上结果为研究人类活动影响下河流生态系统监测和保护提供了理论基础.     

密云水库细菌群落组成结构及影响因素

密云水库作为华北地区最大水库,是北京和附近地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地.细菌是水库生态系统结构和功能的关键调控者,探明细菌的群落分布特征对维护水库水质安全具有重要意义.基于高通量测序的方法,探究了密云水库水体和沉积物中细菌群落的组成结构、时空分布特征和环境影响因素.结果表明,水库沉积物细菌群落具有更高的α多样性且季节差异不显著,群落中的主要物种来自变形菌门;水体细菌群落中的优势菌为放线菌门,水体细菌群落的季节差异明显,丰水期的优势物种为CL500-29＿marine＿group属和hgcI＿clade属,Cyanobium＿PCC-6307属则在枯水期含量大幅上升;水体和沉积物中的关键物种存在明显差异,沉积物细菌群落具有更多的指示物种;水体细菌的共存网络关系更为复杂,具有更强的抵抗外界环境变化的能力;环境因素对于水体细菌群落的影响明显高于沉积物,SO■和TN分别为水体和沉积物细菌群落的主要影响因子.通过揭示密云水库细菌群落的分布规律和驱动因素,为水库管理和水质保障提供了重要指导建议.     

水化学指标和空间距离对乐安江浮游细菌群落的影响

为了解乐安江水体浮游细菌群落特征,探讨水化学指标和空间距离对浮游细菌群落的影响,本研究分别于枯水期(2016年12月)和丰水期(2017年7月)对乐安江15个采样点表层水样进行采集.检测了水体NO~-_3-N、 NH~+_4-N、 TP、 DOC、 SO■、 Cl~-、 Cu、 Zn等水化学指标,运用高通量测序技术确定水体浮游细菌群落特征,Mantel Test分析了水化学指标、空间距离(采样点干流长度、平均河网长度、累计河网长度和流域子面积)与细菌群落之间的关系.结果表明:①乐安江水体浮游细菌群落丰富度和多样性丰水期均高于枯水期,丰富度随流向逐渐升高,多样性下游最高,中游最低.②枯水期丰度最高的细菌门类是Proteobacteria,其次是Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria,枯水期Proteobacteria中下游显著高于上游,Bacteroidetes中下游显著低于上游,Actinobacteria上游显著高于中下游.丰水期丰度最高的细菌门类是Actinobacteria,其次是Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria,丰水期Actinobacteria丰度先降低后升高,中游丰度显著低于下游,其他河段无显著差异,Proteobacteria丰度随流向逐渐降低,Cyanobacteria丰度中游最高,并且显著高于下游地区.③非淡水细菌占所有细菌丰度的比例沿流向逐渐增加,丰水期均值(62.94%)显著高于枯水期(49.33%).④NO~-_3-N是与浮游细菌群落相关性最高的水化学指标,干流长度是与浮游细菌群落相关性最高的空间距离指标.⑤水化学指标和空间距离与乐安江浮游细菌群落都有显著相关性,并且水化学指标对浮游细菌群落的影响要高于空间距离.本研究为鄱阳湖和乐安江流域水生态环境保护提供了科学依据.     

赣江南昌段丰水期细菌群落特征

细菌群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了赣江南昌段丰水期（4～8月）细菌群落特征.结果表明,赣江南昌段细菌优势类群为放线菌门（Actinobacteria, 41.18%）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria, 31.79%）,其次为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes, 10.04%）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes, 7.26%）,蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria, 4.01%）.在属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是hgcI_clade（16.39%）.赣江南昌段细菌丰度和多样性在城区上游、城区中心和城区下游采样点间没有显著差别,在不同月份有显著差别.除变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）外,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同月份都有显著差异;不同采样点中,只有Proteobacteria差异显著（主要是Betaproteobacteria差异显著）,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同采样点的差异均不显著.温度和流量是影响河流细菌群落的主要因子,其中温度与细菌可操作分类单元（OTU）相关性更高,流量则与门分类水平细菌相关性更高,暴雨径流中Firmicutes取代Actinobacteria和Proteobacteria成为丰度最高的菌群.温度、流量和电导率（EC）是影响OTU的最佳环境因子组合,流量和温度是影响门水平细菌群落的最佳环境因子组合.河水化学指标对细菌群落的影响小于温度、流量等水文气象条件.     

纳木措不同水文期水体酵母菌影响因素分析

于2020年8月(丰水期)和2021年5月(枯水期)对纳木措水体可培养酵母菌群落结构特征进行研究,共分离得到33个属70个种的2411株酵母菌.生物信息学和统计学结果显示,纳木措不同水文期水体酵母菌总丰度、物种组成和群落结构存在显著差异,枯水期水体pH值、电导率、化学需氧量及总氮显著高于丰水期.中性群落拟合及相关性分析显示,相较随机过程而言,确定性过程对水体可培养酵母菌群落结构的影响更为明显,水体氨氮、总磷、电导率以及化学需氧量是显著影响水体酵母菌群落结构的环境因子.生态位量度显示,枯水期酵母菌优势种生态位宽度指数和生态位重叠指数均低于丰水期,环境因子对优势酵母菌类群的资源利用方式及种间关系具有较大影响.对枯水期水体营养水平的监测有助于纳木措水体酵母菌资源的保护.     

水库与河流沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌群落差异性研究

甲烷在自然生态系统碳循环过程中起着重要作用,氮素形态的差异影响了甲烷氧化菌的氧化作用.选取北京市密云水库和北运河两类不同污染类型的水体作为研究区域,采用克隆文库分子生物学的方法,探究氮素形态及其来源的差异对MOB细菌群落特征的影响.结果表明：密云水库与北运河沉积物中氮素形态有显著差异,水库中氮素以NO₃^--N为主,河流中氮素以NH₄⁺-N为主;氮素形态的差异影响了MOB细菌的系统发育,密云水库沉积物中MOB细菌的高同源性菌群主要来自湖泊生态系统,与NO₃^--N有较强的响应关系,北运河沉积物中MOB细菌高同源性菌群主要来自污水处理厂废水和活性淤泥,与NH₄⁺-N有较强的响应关系,不同环境中氮素对MOB细菌的影响主要依赖于氮素的主要存在形态及其主要来源.北运河等重污染河流中MOB细菌群落的联系更紧密更趋于模块化,对环境变化的敏感程度更高,微生物更脆弱,更容易受到水质变化以及人类活动的干扰.北运河沉积物中NH₄⁺-N对MOB细菌氧化速率的抑制性强于密云水库沉积物中NO₃^--N对甲烷氧化的抑制作用.重污染的城市河流中高浓度的NH₄⁺-N通过抑制甲烷氧化速率和促进产甲烷产生速率的双重作用影响了河流沉积物中甲烷的产生.     

鄱阳湖候鸟栖息地微塑料表面细菌群落结构特征与生态风险预测

近年来鄱阳湖的微塑料环境污染日益受到关注.选取鄱阳湖白沙湖为研究区,采集白沙湖水体和沉积物以及其中的微塑料样品,通过傅里叶红外光谱确定微塑料的聚合物类型为聚乙烯（PE）、聚酯纤维（PET）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚苯乙烯（PS）.并利用16S高通量测序技术分析水体、沉积物中和微塑料表面细菌群落结构组成.微塑料表面细菌的物种丰富度与多样性均低于周围水体和沉积物.NMDS分析结果表明,微塑料表面与周围沉积物、水体中的细菌群落结构差异较大.水体和沉积物中的细菌群落组成与微塑料表面存在差异,门水平上沉积物与沉积物中微塑料表面优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）,其在微塑料表面相对丰度高于沉积物;水体中微塑料表面变形菌门相对丰度高于水体,而拟杆菌门、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）的相对丰度明显低于水体.属水平上马赛菌属（Massilia）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）是微塑料表面的优势菌属,相对丰度明显高于周围水体和沉积物.通过BugBase表型预测发现微塑料细菌群落可移动基因元件含量、生物膜形成、潜在致病性及胁迫耐受等表型相对丰度明显高于周围水体和沉积物.结果发现微塑料可能会促使致病菌在内的有害菌的传播,提高细菌群落的潜在致病性,且微塑料表面细菌群落具有更高的可移动基因元件含量表型.通过揭示微塑料污染对微观层面湿地生态的潜在危害,可为维护湿地生态稳定性提供科学参考.     

污水处理厂中微生物群落特性与基因功能探究

为了探究污水处理过程中微生物多样性及其功能,文章以哈尔滨市某城市污水处理厂为研究对象,采用高通量测序及水化学分析方法对进水口、曝气池及出水口的水质样本分别进行细菌群落结构及环境因子的测定分析。结果表明,该污水处理工艺对COD、BOD₅、NH₄⁺-N、TP、TN均有明显的去除作用,其中除TN外去除率均在93%以上,NH₄⁺-N的去除率最高,达99%。污水中微生物群落鉴定检出细菌分属于15门、28纲、64目、92科和115属。通过细菌微生物群落Alpha多样性分析发现,曝气池中细菌群落多样性最高。其中环境中的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacter)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、弯曲杆菌门(Campilobacterota)、髌骨细菌门(Patescibacteria)。其中Bacteroidota与Campilobacterota在H1中丰度最高,分别为44.62%、24.62%,Patescibacteria在H2中丰度最高,为2...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.