渤海江豚组织中钠,钙,锶,镁,磷,钾的研究

１９９０年，作者于辽东湾采集了１０头江豚标本，分别测定了其骨骼、皮肤、肌肉、肝脏、肺、肾、心、胃、肠、胰、脾、肾上腺及生殖腺等１３种组织中Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎａ６种元素的含量，详细分析了骨骼及其他各组织中的Ｃａ／Ｍｇ值、Ｃａ／Ｋ值、Ｃａ／Ｐ值、Ｃａ／Ｎａ值和Ｃａ／Ｓｒ×１００值。结果表明，Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ，Ｋ在骨骼中累积率最高，钾在肌肉中具有高累积，Ｓｒ、Ｃａ在肌肉中累积率最低；Ｍｇ累积率最低的组织是生殖腺，Ｐ累积率最低的组织是肠，而Ｋ在骨骼中，Ｎａ在肌肉中的累积率均高于其他组织。分析结果还显示，Ｃａ／Ｍｇ值最高的是骨骼，最低为肌肉，Ｃａ／Ｐ值最高的是骨骼，最低的是肌肉和胰脏，Ｃａ／Ｋ值最高为骨骼，最低为脾Ｃａ／Ｓｒ×１００值最高为肺、最低为肠，而Ｋ／Ｎａ值最高为肌肉，最低为骨骼，在骨中Ｃａ／Ｐ值大约为１，类同于猫和人类。     

微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉

本文阐述了用微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系消解液对土壤样品进行消解,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件。通过对微波消解体系和传统电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系进行对比实验,前者不仅操作简便快捷赶酸时间短,而且准确度高、精密度好,提高了工作效率,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

黄土丘陵区退耕时间序列梯度上草本植被群落与土壤C、N、P、K化学计量学特征

研究草本植被群落生态化学计量学特征、营养元素分配及其变化规律对阐明草本植被群落对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义.本文以延河流域8个不同退耕年限的草本植被群落叶片、根系及土壤为对象,分别对其C、N、P、K化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄土丘陵区草本植被群落叶片C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为444.21、22.34、1.49、14.66mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为21.86、424.72、39.82、20.27;根系C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为285.16、5.79、0.27、6.07 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为60.56、1 019.33、46.55、21.36;土壤C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为2.28、0.18、0.28、4.33 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为16.43、8.40、0.54、0.66.在退耕1~35年间,草本植被群落叶片C含量上升,N含量先上升后下降,磷含量整体下降,K含量先下降后上升;叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P总体呈上升趋势.根系C、N、P、K含量及其特征的变化规律与叶片不尽相同.随着退耕年限的增加,土壤C、N含量上升,P含量呈反正弦函数状变化,K含量呈抛物线状变化,C/N下降,C/P、C/K、N/P均上升.在退耕时间序列梯度上,C、P、K在叶片和根系中含量的比值存在不同程度的下降趋势,C、N、P在叶片和土壤中含量的比值下降,C、N在根系和土壤中含量的比值下降.植物营养元素的限制状况及分配规律均与退耕恢复时间响应关系及程度均存在差异.     

老工业城市土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积及风险协同评价

为查明老工业城市土壤-作物系统的重金属环境地球化学特征,测试和分析石嘴山市水稻、小麦和玉米籽实及其根系土重金属含量和形态,利用统计学方法、风险评价编码法(RAC)、生物富集系数法(BCF)、土壤和农产品综合质量影响指数法(IICQ)及ArcGIS空间插值法开展土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积特征剖析及风险协同评价.结果表明,根系土中重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)均值分别为12.56、 0.19、 63.48、 23.52、 0.038、 28.86、 21.68和69.47mg·kg^-1,与宁夏土壤背景值相比呈一定程度的累积,其中以Cd和Hg累积效应最为显著,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;配套作物中上述8种重金属含量均值分别为0.014 9、 0.011 2、 0.075、 6.7、 0.001 5、 0.67、 0.042 7和20.48mg·kg^-1,与食品中污染物限量相比,作物中As、 Pb和Cr点位超标率分别为4%、 3%和1%,其余元素均未超标;相比水稻和小麦,...     

Occurrence of Norovirus,Rotavirus, Hepatitis a Virus,and Enterovirus in Berries in Argentina

Food and Environmental Virology - Berries have been implicated as the probable vehicle of infection in multiple outbreaks of norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). These foods often receive minimal...     

共沉淀-离心-X射线荧光法快速测定表层海水中的Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb

基于共沉淀的富集作用,采用自制的离心管离心沉淀,以手持式X-射线荧光仪(XRF)测定,由此建立了表层海水中Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb的共沉淀-离心-XRF快速分析方法。测定时间为5 min/样;线性范围125μg/L～1 000μg/L,可以满足近岸表层海水中铁和锰的分析要求;基底加标200μg/L回收率为94.5%～116%;连续7次测定6种金属浓度均为500μg/L的海水加标样品,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.86%～5.85%。与ICP-MS法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。本方法具有化学试剂污染小、方便快捷、可现场快速测定方法等优点。该方法已成功应用于厦门西港和福建九龙江河口表层海水中可溶态铁锰的现场测定,并在现场以手持式XRF对颗粒物中铁锰进行了测定,获得了该海域颗粒物中和海水中铁锰的分布。     

天目湖沙河水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性,以江苏省溧阳市天目湖沙河水库为例,基于8年逐月浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的连续监测结果,分析了水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区浮游植物群落结构的季节差异及影响因素.结果表明,空间上营养盐、浊度和悬浮颗粒物等关键水质指标及浮游植物叶绿素a含量均呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,透明度呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区的各环境因子与过渡区和湖泊区的空间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间仅在透明度、浊度、悬浮颗粒物等物理参数方面差异显著;同样,浮游植物生物量上也呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区与过渡区、湖泊区之间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间则无显著性差异;但在浮游植物的优势属方面,河流区、过渡区、湖泊区基本一致,仅隐藻门生物量在河流区、过渡区、湖泊区具有显著性差异(ANOVA,P0.05),呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的特征.不同季节之间浮游植物群落结构差异较大:生物量在夏季最高,冬季最低;优势属在春季以针杆藻(Synedra)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)和曲壳藻(Achnanthes)为主,夏季以针杆藻、隐藻、尖头藻(Raphidiopsis)、席藻(Phormidium)为主,秋季以隐藻、针杆藻、尖头藻、束丝藻(Aphanizomenon)为主,冬季以隐藻、针杆藻、曲壳藻和小环藻为主;其中针杆藻、隐藻为全年优势属.统计分析表明,水温、总磷、透明度是浮游植物时空差异的主要影响因子.研究表明,对于沙河水库这种换水周期为4个月的大(Ⅱ)型水库,虽然浮游植物总生物量在空间上有显著性差异,但群落组成上仅隐藻属的空间差异显著,多数浮游植物群落结构在空间分布差异较小,当浮游植物群落结构调查时可以适当减少观测点位,提高采样频次,以提高水库环境监测的样品代表性.     

中国资源的进出口与产出率：演化、挑战及对策

资源可持续利用是实现中国可持续发展和生态文明的重要保障,然而过去30多年经济的快速发展带来了严重的资源短缺和环境污染。为了揭示1949年以来尤其是改革开放以来中国资源利用与经济发展之间的关系,论文系统梳理中国资源供给状况,总结中国资源进出口及资源产出率演化特点、面临的挑战及相应的对策。研究发现：中国近年来进口以金属矿产、石油、部分固体废弃产品构成的自然矿产和城市矿产资源为主,主要出口以工业产品、水海产品等为代表的资源类型,进出口的结构类型随年份变化不大,但进口量呈现快速增长的态势;中国资源产出率逐步增长,达到1.6元/kg,但仍与发达国家有较大差距。为了应对面临的挑战,未来中国应着力提升在全球价值链的地位,同时国内应大力发展循环经济,提高资源产出率。     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

Social Rank, Stress, Fitness, and Life Expectancy in Wild Rabbits

 Wild rabbits of the two sexes have separate linear rank orders, which are established and maintained by intensive fights. The social rank of individuals strongly influence their fitness: males and females that gain a high social rank, at least at the outset of their second breeding season, have a much higher lifetime fitness than subordinate individuals. This is because of two separate factors: a much higher fecundity and annual reproductive success and a 50% longer reproductive life span. These results are in contrast to the view in evolutionary biology that current reproduction can be increased only at the expense of future survival and/or fecundity. These concepts entail higher physiological costs in high-ranking mammals, which is not supported by our data: In wild rabbits the physiological costs of social positions are caused predominantly by differential psychosocial stress responses that are much lower in high-ranking than in low-ranking individuals. Received: 23 February 1999 / Accepted: 17 March 1999     

不同粒径降尘中痕量金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的形态分析

运用Ｔｅｓｓｌｅｒ形态分类法和石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法研究了不同粒径降尘样品中痕量金属元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ的存在形态，讨论了不同存在形态的分布规律。结果表明，Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ在降尘中的主要形态按顺序分别为有机结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣晶格态，其活性顺序为Ｚｎ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｃｒ；４种元素的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态在小颗粒中的分布均比在大颗粒中占优势，说明小颗粒中金属元素较为活泼，其环境危害性更大。     

河南省18个城市大气污染物分布特征、区域来源和传输路径

河南省大气污染严重且与周边区域污染传输及交互影响明显,以2017年1、4、7和10月为研究对象,将河南省内18个地市的排放源分别标记,并应用于WRF-CMAQ溯源模型进行模拟.污染物分布结果表明,由于排放和气象的共同影响,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度表现为冬季最高,夏季最低.O₃-8h浓度的季节变化则为夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.不同季节间污染物浓度差距较大,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂冬季浓度平均值分别是夏季的4.17、4.12和6.24倍,而O₃-8h在夏季的浓度是冬季的2.24倍.由于PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂与一次排放关系密切且具有一定的同源性,这3种污染物的高值分布为北高南低,季节趋势较为一致.而O₃-8h季节分布差异较大,夏季气象条件有助于O₃的生成,O₃-8h高值主要分布于河南省东北区域;冬春秋季由于气象条件的抑制和NO_x的消耗O₃-8h高值主要分布在河南省的南部.传输结果表明,冬季省外传输和天然源对河南省PM_2.5、O₃-8h、NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率都是最大的,分别为36.20%~72.32%、77.96%~96.08%、49.45%~78.80%和59.05%~88.85%.在仅考虑本地排放和省内传输时,夏季河南省内各市的排放对本地4种污染物浓度的贡献率均为最高;春季省内传输对各市PM_2.5和O₃-8h浓度的贡献率较大,分别为25.63%~74.69%和30.21%~80.01%,冬季省内传输对各市NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率较大,分别为26.02%~76.96%和20.30%~82.34%.河南省内PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂的传输路径相似,冬季多由北向南传输,春季多由西向东,西南向东北传输,夏季多由西南向东北传输,秋季多由北向南传输,但PM_2.5的传输更加复杂.而O₃-8h传输路径与其他3种较为不同,特别是在秋季O₃-8h由西南向东北的传输路径明显.     

Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,As in plant-soil system and its prevention

ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ａｓｉｎｐｌａｎｔ－ｓｏｉｌｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ￥ＷｕＹａｎｙｕ；ＷａｎｇＸｉｎ；ＬｉＹｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

土壤环境质量指标Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr的X射线荧光光谱法快速测定

采用粉末压片X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品环境质量指标Pb、As、Zn、Cu、N i、Cr,样品制备简单、成本低,方法快速高效,技术指标良好。     

PAHs in aquatic sediment in Hangzhou, China: Analytical methods, pollution pattern, risk assessment and sources

Eleven surface sediment samples, from Hangzhou section of Qiantang River and Jinghang Canal, west Lake the inland river were collected to investigate 17 polycycUc aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） pollution in aquatic sediments of Hangzhou. Accelerated solvent extraction（ASE） was used to extract PAHs from sediments with satisfactory recoveries. It was found that the total PAHs in the sediments ranged from 308.4 to 3037 ng/g dw, and PAHs pollution in sediments from Jinghang Canal were the heaviest. Lowest effect level（LEL） and severe effect level （SEL） sediment quality guidelines were introduced to perform risk assessment for PAHs pollution in aquatic sediments. Only one sample in Jinghang Canal had adverse impact on benthic organism. 2-3 ring PAHs had a noticeable contribution to total PAHs, especially NA, PHEN. A quantity method was used to determine the major source, the results showed petroleum origin was the chief source to PAHs pollution in all sediments with the exception of sediments from Jinghang Canal where combustion sources had a larger contribution.     

Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters,Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok,Thailand

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10^?2 genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10² copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.     

Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan

The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM_2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM_2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM_2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM_2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTT_v). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM_2.5 correlated well with DTT_v in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTT_v of PM_2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM_2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM_2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM_2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM_2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM_2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.