酒石酸钾钠对重金属絮凝剂MAMPAM除Cu2+性能的影响

镀铜废水中由于存在酒石酸钾钠可与Cu2+形成酒石酸钾钠铜配合物使Cu2+的处理变得困难,为提高镀铜废水中Cu2+的处理效果,文章以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸(TGA)为原料,经羟甲基化反应和酰胺化反应制备出重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM).分别以单一含Cu2+水样以及含Cu2+、酒石酸钾钠的混合水样为考察对象,研究MAMPAM对水样中Cu2+的去除性能.通过正交实验得出絮凝最优水力条件:快搅时间1.0 min,快搅速度160 r/rmin,慢搅时间20 min,慢搅速度30 r/min.MAMPAM对Cu2+有较好的去除效果,对于单一含Cu2+水样中,当水样pH值为3.0～6.0时,Cu2+的去除率随着pH值的增加而升高,Cu2+的最高去除率为92.12％.酒石酸钾钠的存在对MAMPAM除Cu2+具有促进作用,当混合水样初始pH值为4.0～6.0时,随着pH值的增加,促进作用增强,MAMPAM对混合水样中Cu2+的最高去除率可达98.84％.絮体分形维数结果表明,单一水样和混合水样中螯合絮体MAMPAM-Cu的分形维数与Cu2+的去除率之间均呈正相关性.     

重金属絮凝剂对水中Cu2+和腐殖酸的去除性能

采用聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸为原料,制备出重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（MAMPAM）,以含Cu²⁺、含腐殖酸（HA）水样为考察对象,研究MAMPAM对单一和混合体系中Cu²⁺、HA的去除性能.结果表明,MAMPAM对单一体系中Cu²⁺和HA均具有一定的去除效果,且Cu²⁺的去除率随着水样初始pH值的增大而升高;pH值为6.0时,Cu²⁺的最高去除率为95.92%,HA的最高去除率为66.98%.MAMPAM处理混合水样时,Cu²⁺和HA的共存会相互促进彼此的去除,具有协同作用;共存的HA对MAMPAM除Cu²⁺性能的促进作用随着水样中HA浓度或pH值的升高而增强,共存的Cu²⁺对MAMPAM除HA性能的促进作用随着水样中HA浓度的升高而增强.     

重金属絮凝剂DTAPAM去除水中Cu-EDTA的条件优化和机理

工业含Cu废水中常含有配位剂EDTA,可与Cu(Ⅱ)配位后形成稳定的可溶性配合物Cu-EDTA,致使废水中的Cu(Ⅱ)较难被除去.为了将含Cu-EDTA废水中的Cu(Ⅱ)得以有效去除,采用二硫代羧基化胺甲基聚丙烯酰胺(DTAPAM)作为重金属絮凝剂,以Cu-EDTA为处理对象,研究了絮凝水力条件、DTAPAM投加量、pH值、EDTA浓度、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度对DTAPAM去除Cu-EDTA性能的影响,确定了Cu(Ⅱ)的最佳去除条件;并利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、扫描电镜及能谱分析等表征方法探究了DTAPAM去除Cu-EDTA的机理.结果表明,最佳絮凝水力条件为快搅时间2min、快搅速度160r/min、慢搅时间20min、慢搅速度50r/min;当pH值为5.0～7.0时,DTAPAM对Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度为25mg/L的含Cu-EDTA水样的去除性能均较好,且在pH值为7.0时Cu(Ⅱ)的去除效果最好,最高去除率可达99.07%;当体系中EDTA与Cu(Ⅱ)配位比为1:1时,DTAPAM对不同Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的含Cu-EDTA水样均具有理想的去除效果.表征结果显示,DTAPAM高...     

重金属絮凝剂DTMPAM去除水中Cu2+和EDTA-Cu的性能

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、二硫化碳、氢氧化钠为原料,制备出新型重金属絮凝剂二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(DTMPAM).分别以含Cu~(2+)单一水样及含Cu~(2+)、EDTA的混合水样为考察对象,研究DTMPAM在单一和混合体系中对Cu~(2+)的去除性能.结果表明,单一体系中DTMPAM对Cu~(2+)有着良好的去除效果,当水样pH值为2.0～6.0时,Cu~(2+)的最高去除率在93.85%～97.49%之间.EDTA对DTMPAM除Cu~(2+)呈抑制作用,随着体系pH值的降低,这种抑制作用减弱;高pH值体系中,随着EDTA浓度的增大,抑制作用增强;在混合体系中,EDTA与DTMPAM存在配位竞争作用,高pH值体系中EDTA的配位竞争作用占主要优势.在单一体系和混合体系中螯合絮体DTMPAM-Cu的分形维数与Cu~(2+)的去除率均有显著的正相关性,即絮体分形维数越大,相对应的Cu~(2+)去除率越高.     

两性高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠除浊性能

以不同分子量的聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）为母体,通过化学反应将二硫代羧基引入到其分子链中,制备出3种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠（PEX）,采用2种性质不同的高岭土配制的含浊水样作为考察对象,通过絮凝实验法研究PEX对水样中浊度的去除性能.结果表明,3种PEX对不同性质含浊水样中浊度的去除性能具有一定的差异,浊度的最高去除率随着PEX分子量的增加而升高,随着原浊的增加而略有升高.PEX为两性聚电解质,PEX-1、PEX-6、PEX-60溶液的等电点pH_iep分别为3.8、5.0、8.7;当体系初始pH值位于3种PEX各自等电点处,浊度的去除率最高,可分别达到98.6%、96.6%、91.3%.含浊水样中共存Cu（Ⅱ）或Ni（Ⅱ）时,可明显提高浊度的去除效果.体系中余浊随着静置后Zeta电位绝对值的降低（升高）而减小（增大）.     

响应面法优化重金属絮凝剂MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和巯基乙酸(TGA)为主要原料,经羟甲基化反应和酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到PAM分子链上,制备出具有重金属螯合能力的絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM). 以含Cu(Ⅱ)水样为考察对象,采用响应面法中的CCD试验对MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件进行优化. 结果表明:①试验值与响应值的点基本呈线性,决定系数R2值为0.915 4,残差服从正态分布,说明模型的合理性和拟合性均较好;模型的F值为12.75,P值为0.000 2(<0.001),表明模型非常显著. ②水样初始pH(X₁)、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₂)、MAMPAM投加量/Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₃)的P值分别为0.003 4、0.073 2、0.000 5,说明X₁、X₃为显著影响因素,X₂为不显著影响因素. 通过响应面分析,X₁X₃、X₂X₃之间的交互作用显著,X₁X₂之间的交互作用不显著. ③通过模型验证得到最佳絮凝条件为软件推荐的絮凝条件,即水样初始pH为5.8、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度为65.6 mg/L、MAMPAM投加量与Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的比值为3.7∶1,在此条件下试验测得的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为95.05%,模型预测的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为98.52%,相对偏差为?3.52%. 研究显示,利用响应面法优化MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件可行.      

高分子重金属絮凝剂SSXA对Cu2+的捕集性能研究

以淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物、NaOH、CS2为原料,在一定条件下合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂--淀粉基黄原酸酯-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物.研究了该絮凝剂的除Cu2 、去浊机理,并对硫酸铝浓度、初始Cu2 浓度、pH值、浊度等影响其除铜及去浊效能的因素作了考察.实验结果表明:(1)该絮凝剂对Cu2 有很好的捕集功能,但需要与硫酸铝复配以提高其沉降性能,适合复配使用.Al3 与初始Cu2 的体积摩尔浓度比值为0.3较为适宜,此时Cu2 去除率大于98%;(2)pH值对复配体系的除Cu2 、去浊效果影响不大;(3)Cu2 和致浊物质共存时,会互相促进彼此的去除.对初始Cu2 浓度为25 mg·L-1、浊度为5～300NTU的水样,处理后出水Cu2 浓度小于0.5mg·L-1、浊度小于3NTU.     

新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺的优化制备

为提高含铜废水的处理效果及简化处理流程,以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸(TGA)为原料,先经羟甲基化反应制备中间产物羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MPAM),再通过酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到MPAM分子链上,制备出新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM).以水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为考察目标,采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和响应面法中CCD实验优化MAMPAM的制备条件.结果表明,MAMPAM最优制备条件为:MPAM浓度0.31%、MPAM与TGA物质的量比为1∶3.2、反应介质p H值为4.76、反应温度为25℃、反应时间为2 h,在此条件下制备的MAMPAM对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为95.30%,与模型的理论预测值94.47%接近,相对偏差仅为0.83%,模型合理可靠.红外分析表明MPAM分子链上成功接上了巯基.MAMPAM对不同初始浓度的含Cu(Ⅱ)水样具有很好的去除效果,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率均能达到90%以上.MAMPAM有望成为一种有效的含铜废水处理剂,具有一定的应用前景.     

腐殖酸对改性聚乙烯亚胺去除水中Cu(Ⅱ)的影响

采用二硫化碳和氢氧化钠对聚乙烯亚胺进行改性,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX).以含Cu(Ⅱ)水样为处理对象,研究了腐殖酸(HA)的存在对改性聚乙烯亚胺(PEX)去除水样中Cu(Ⅱ)性能的影响,探讨了HA共存时PEX除Cu(Ⅱ)机理.结果表明,HA的存在对PEX去除Cu(Ⅱ)表现出一定的抑制作用,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率随着体系中共存HA浓度的增大而降低,随着PEX投加量的增加而升高,随着pH值的升高而升高;当PEX投加量增加到100 mg·L~(-1)以上或体系pH值升高到6.0时,可消除HA的抑制影响,Cu(Ⅱ)的最高去除率均可达到100%.絮体的Zeta电位随着共存HA浓度的增加而升高,PEX除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝作用机理以吸附架桥为主;PEX高分子链上的二硫代羧基与Cu(Ⅱ)发生了螯合沉淀反应,PEX对共存体系中Cu(Ⅱ)和HA均具有一定的去除效果.     

O-黄原酸化-N-苄基壳聚糖的制备及除铜性能

以壳聚糖、苯甲醛、二硫化碳、氢氧化钠和硼氢化钠为原料制备出O-黄原酸化-N-苄基壳聚糖(RXCTS),采用单因素法确定了RXCTS的制备条件,利用正交试验法考察了RXCTS处理含Cu~(2+)水样的最佳絮凝水力条件,并研究了水样pH值、Cu~(2+)初始浓度以及浊度对RXCTS除Cu~(2+)性能的影响。结果表明,RXCTS相对于XCTS除Cu~(2+)效果更好,投药量更少,Cu~(2+)的最高去除率可达98.76%。絮凝最佳水力条件为:快搅时间2.0 min,快搅速度160 r/min,慢搅时间20 min,慢搅速度50 r/min。体系pH值和Cu~(2+)初始浓度对RXCTS除Cu~(2+)均有一定的影响,总体上Cu~(2+)的最高去除率随着水样中Cu~(2+)初始浓度和pH值的增大而升高。RXCTS对Cu~(2+)和浊度均有良好的去除能力,共存浊度一定程度上可促进Cu~(2+)的去除。红外光谱表明RXCTS中伯胺基被还原为仲胺基。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.