北京地区颗粒物健康效应研究——沙尘天气、非沙尘天气下颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))对心血管疾病入院人次的影响

为了研究沙尘天气、非沙尘天气及霾污染类型下,颗粒物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))与心脑血管疾病日入院人次的联系,本文采用半参数广义相加泊松回归模型(GAM),在剔除了混杂因素:如季节趋势、日历效应、气象要素等作用下,将颗粒物浓度进行等级划分的基础上,分析了北京地区2006~2010年PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)在沙尘天气和非沙尘天气下与心脑血管疾病日入院人次相对危险度(RR)的关系,进而对比研究了沙尘污染与霾污染对心脑血管疾病的不同影响.结果表明:沙尘天气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)能引起心脑血管疾病入院人次的增加,且存在0~2d滞后效应,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的RR值较为接近;非沙尘天气下,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)与心脑血管疾病入院人次的RR存在一定的剂量效应关系,对于PM_(2.5),随着浓度的上升RR值逐渐增大,对于PM_(10),随着浓度的上升RR先增大而后逐渐降低;在相同的PM_(10)暴露浓度下,沙尘天气的RR低于非沙尘天气,在相同的PM_(2.5)暴露浓度下,沙尘天气与非沙尘天气的RR基本接近.而相对于沙尘天气污染,霾天气对心脑血管疾病的影响也具有滞后效应,随着霾天气加重,对人群心脑血管疾病危害也越大.     

广州某区PM_(2.5)和气态污染物质量浓度的日变化特征及其相关性分析

本文分析了2015年3月至2016年2月广州某区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和气态污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3)质量浓度的日变化特征,并对PM_(2.5)和气态污染物之间质量浓度的相关性进行分析,结果表明:PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3大气污染物存在一定规律的日变化特征。PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3全年质量浓度的相关系数范围分别为0.184～0.219,0.271～0.436,0.170～0.368和0.051~0.318,存在一定的线性正相关关系。     

重庆城区夏季降水对大气污染物的清除效果分析

利用2015年6—8月重庆市沙坪坝区大气污染物连续监测数据和LVCJY-02气象数据采集仪获得的同期降水数据,分析夏季降水对大气污染物的清除效果。结果表明:1)日降水强度对大气污染物的清除效果有影响。当日降水量小于5 mm时,降水对大气污染物清除能力较小;当日降水量大于5mm时,污染物清除效果随降水量增大而增大,日降水量越大,清除率越大,空气质量越好,最大清除率可达48.55%。夏季降水强度对各大气污染物平均清除率从大到小依次为PM_(10)、SO_2、 PM_(2.5)、NO_2和O_3。2)日降水时长对大气污染物的影响也存在差异。其中0~5 h时长降水对大气污染物平均清除率为负值;5~10 h时长降水对PM_(10)平均清除效果最好,为6.17%;10~15 h时长降水对NO_2平均清除率最大,为50.67%;15~20 h时长降水对SO_2平均清除率最大,为59.76%;夏季降水时长对SO_2平均清除率最高,随后依次为PM_(10)、NO_2、 PM_(2.5)和O_3。3)累积降水量与PM_(10)和 PM_(2.5)浓度多呈负相关,随着累积降水量的增加,大气颗粒物浓度会有降低,但累积降水量与气态污染物的相关性不如大气颗粒物。     

餐厨垃圾与污泥厌氧发酵动力学特性分析

基于2016—2017年大连市6种大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3、CO)的监测数据,研究污染物浓度的时间变化、周末效应及气象影响因素。结果表明,大连市大气污染物以O_3、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为主;冬季主要污染物为颗粒物,夏季为O_3。受供暖燃煤等影响,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度供暖季显著高于非供暖季。大气污染物浓度季节变化显著,且PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2及NO_2呈现周末较高的"周末效应"。利用相关性分析考察温度、湿度、风速等气象因素对污染物的影响;利用后推气流轨迹等方法分析大连市大气PM_(2.5)可能的来源。     

大气污染特征研究及臭氧污染个例分析——以深圳市龙华区为例

根据深圳市龙华区观澜子站空气质量监测数据,对龙华区近年来空气质量状况、主要大气污染物浓度时间变化特征、气象条件和污染物浓度相关性,以及典型臭氧(O_3)污染过程进行了分析。结果表明龙华区空气质量以优良为主,空气质量指数(AQI)超标日中,O_3浓度超标天数最多,其次依次是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和二氧化氮(NO_2)。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_2在秋冬季的浓度最高,春季次之,夏季最低;而O_3浓度则在夏秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低。除O_3(日间浓度高于夜间浓度)以外,PM_(2.5)、PM10和NO_2晚间浓度高于日间浓度。此外,相关性研究表明,颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,O_3(8 h)和NO_2与颗粒物浓度均呈正相关性。由于地域差异的存在,O_3(8 h)和颗粒物浓度的相关性在不同地域表现也不同。同时,大气污染物浓度与气象条件和人为排放源的相关性较高。     

大连市大气污染特征、影响因素及来源分析

基于2016—2017年大连市6种大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3、CO)的监测数据,研究污染物浓度的时间变化、周末效应及气象影响因素。结果表明,大连市大气污染物以O_3、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为主;冬季主要污染物为颗粒物,夏季为O_3。受供暖燃煤等影响,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度供暖季显著高于非供暖季。大气污染物浓度季节变化显著,且PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2及NO_2呈现周末较高的"周末效应"。利用相关性分析考察温度、湿度、风速等气象因素对污染物的影响;利用后推气流轨迹等方法分析大连市大气PM_(2.5)可能的来源。     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

宝鸡市春季PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2污染现状分析

收集PM_(2.5)实时监控网提供的2015年春季宝鸡市大气污染物浓度的实时数据,分析宝鸡市各监测点大气污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2的日均值和月均值浓度变化特征以及各污染物的负荷系数。结果表明:各监测点大气污染物月平均浓度3—5月呈下降趋势,但整体的空气质量状况有待进一步提高;宝鸡市大气颗粒物呈区域性污染,各监测点之间的差距较小,而污染气体SO_2和NO_2具有点状污染特征;4种主要的大气污染物中,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献率超过一半以上,但SO_2和NO_2同样不可忽视。     

杭州市典型雾霾期污染特征及污染源的HYSPLIT模型分析

为探究杭州市冬春季节大气污染特征与雾霾成因,本文分析了2015年12月—2016年3月市区10个空气质量监测站的PM_(2.5)、SO_2等6种污染物的浓度变化规律,对比了雾霾期和非雾霾期各污染物间的相关性,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)模型探讨了期间5次典型雾霾期污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,研究期内各污染物浓度呈现冬高春低的变化趋势(除O3浓度3月最高),颗粒物和NO_2是主要的超标污染物,其中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)日均值分别是一级标准的2.2和2.4倍.雾霾期PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度是非雾霾期的2.4、2.3、1.3、1.5和1.6倍,PM_(2.5)与CO的正相关性最强(0.863),远高于NO_2(0.410)和SO_2(0.399),而非雾霾期三者差异不大,表明雾霾期机动车尾气的贡献更为重要.HYSPLIT后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹CWT(Concentration-Weighted Trajectory)分析结果表明雾霾时期西南(38.3%)、西北(19.1%)方向和近距离输送(27.3%)的气团携带了较多的污染物,远距离输送是污染物的主要来源.研究结果可为长三角的雾霾污染控制提供数据支撑.     

暴露-反应关系的Meta分析与健康效应评价

为了进一步认识西安大气污染暴露对人群健康的影响,利用Meta分析获取了中国人群大气污染物暴露与以死亡为健康终点影响的暴露—反应关系,结合西安2013、2014年的SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3监测数据,利用泊松回归模型评价了人群健康影响。Meta分析结果表明,SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3浓度每升高10μg/m~3居民非意外死亡率会增加1.17%、1.32%、0.40%、0.47%、0.56%;心血管疾病死亡率会增加1.27%、1.15%、0.54%、0.75%、0.84%;呼吸系统疾病死亡率会增加0.83%、1.83%、0.43%、0.56%、0.89%。以WHO空气质量指导值和国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)一、二级标准限值为参考浓度、可避免非意外死亡为健康端点,2013、2014年PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3达到相应指标的健康效应远远高于SO_2、NO_2健康效应。主要原因是这些污染物超过相应标准的程度高。PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和O_3浓度导致的健康效应巨大,因此在目前应该把PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和O_3作为优先污染物进行控制。在符合我国目前经济发展阶段和环境管理要求的基础上,应适当降低现有国家标准浓度限值较高的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)颗粒物和O_3的环境空气质量标准限值。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.