某站场对焊法兰环焊缝缺陷原因分析

目的研究法兰环焊缝缺陷产生的原因,采取相应针对性措施,预防泄露事故发生。方法通过宏观分析、超声检测、化学成分分析、金相分析、能谱分析对环焊缝裂纹形成原因进行分析。结果裂纹起源于根焊焊材与母材间,两端较为平滑,沿环焊缝周向方向扩展。焊缝中夹渣的残留药皮和层间未熔合缺陷,是形成裂纹的内在原因。结论焊缝产生裂纹由焊接参数控制不当引起的。     

制氢转化炉猪尾管开裂失效分析

介绍了猪尾管开裂的基本情况,通过对开裂部位的成分分析、金相组织分析、断口及EDX分析等,得出猪尾管开裂的主要原因是晶界的析出相弱化了晶界,在高温蠕变和腐蚀的协同作用下产生裂纹。     

某型发动机滑油供油导管裂纹分析

目的研究确定某发动机滑油供油导管裂纹性质及其产生原因。方法通过痕迹检查、断口观察、X射线能谱分析等试验方法,对滑油供油导管裂纹进行了综合分析。结果滑油供油导管的裂纹性质为疲劳裂纹,疲劳起始于波纹管第1波谷的外表面。结论波纹管存在装配张应力是导致滑油供油导管产生疲劳裂纹的原因;装配张应力是由于弯管焊接段与波纹管在焊接时不同轴造成的。     

飞机起落架支柱固定螺栓环境氢脆断裂研究

某飞机起落架缓冲支柱固定螺栓长期使用后断裂.为了确定该螺栓断裂的原因,对断裂螺栓进行了外观检查,断口宏观、微观分析,能谱仪成分分析,金相组织检查、硬度检测以及氢含量测定,结果表明:断裂螺栓的断口具有氢脆断裂特征,其断裂失效性质为环境氢脆断裂;飞机服役期间,螺栓保护不良,致使环境对螺栓造成了腐蚀,腐蚀产生的氢进入螺栓是导致螺栓产生环境氢脆裂纹的根本原因.对螺栓进行保护可有效地避免该类故障的重复发生.     

35t/h电站锅炉锅筒再循环管孔裂纹产生原因及其处理

分析了35t/h锅炉锅筒再循环管孔裂纹产生的原因,提出了锅筒再循环管孔裂纹的手工电弧焊焊接修复方法,为35t/h锅炉锅筒的修理提供了有益的探索。     

CHP反应槽裂纹分析

从设计、制造及使用等方面，分析了ＣＨＰ反应槽的裂纹，认为ＣＨＰ反应槽裂纹是由碱腐蚀和焊接残余应力相互作用所引起的。指出设备材质应采用不锈钢，设备制成后应进行处理消除应力，以避免产生裂纹。     

脱丁烷塔底再沸器浮头钩圈开裂失效分析

介绍了脱丁烷塔底再沸器浮头钩圈开裂的基本情况,通过对钩圈的成分分析、金相组织分析、断口SEM分析、力学性能测试以及剪切应力校核等,得出钩圈开裂的主要原因是由于热处理工艺不合理导致材料金相组织状态为冲击韧性较差的片状珠光体组织,在高螺栓预紧扭矩的协同作用下产生的脆性断裂。     

小口径弹药筒失效分析

通过宏观观察、微观断口分析、成分分析、金相分析和磁粉探伤等方法对靶试后出现开裂的某小口径弹药药筒进行了失效分析.该药筒的裂纹处有明显的压痕,断口微观形貌韧性特征明显,药筒钢材的化学成分、夹杂物含量和显微组织均符合规定的要求,磁粉探伤表明其表面、近表面无缺陷.认为药筒表面的压痕是导致药筒开裂的主要原因.     

汽车用钢板弹簧失效分析

目的 研究汽车用钢板弹簧断裂失效原因.方法 通过宏观分析、金相检验、力学性能分析、材质分析、断口电镜扫描及能谱分析等测试手段,对汽车用钢板弹簧的断裂失效原因进行分析.结果 汽车用钢板弹簧的失效模式为疲劳裂纹源于表面腐蚀坑处的高周腐蚀疲劳断裂.首先,板簧表面存在异常磨损,导致防护漆层局部脱落,裸露的金属基体在腐蚀环境下出现表面腐蚀坑,外界拉应力作用及腐蚀坑底部应力集中叠加导致早期疲劳裂纹在腐蚀坑底部萌生并扩展.其次,板簧表面存在脱碳现象,导致板簧表面硬度及强度降低,表面耐腐蚀性能下降,为早期疲劳裂纹的萌生创造了条件.结论 控制热处理质量,避免表面脱碳;做好定期维护保养,在簧片间加石墨润滑剂,防止长时间干磨或挤压碰撞导致漆层早期脱落;及时清理附着的泥水,减小腐蚀几率;对存在隐患的在用板簧及时更换.     

18CrNi4WA 钢渗碳针阀体开裂失效分析

目的研究18CrNi4WA钢渗碳针阀体开裂失效原因。方法通过化学成分分析、断口扫描分析、金相组织分析、能谱分析等测试手段,对18CrNi4WA钢渗碳针阀体的断裂模式及失效原因进行分析。结果针阀体失效件原始材料符合针阀体制造要求,但渗碳淬火温度过高,未得到最优的渗碳层组织,燃油中存在的硫元素导致喷油孔位置产生严重腐蚀,燃油局部压力的变化导致针阀体表面产生空蚀损伤,裂纹起始于喷油孔圆周面,自裂纹源向外发散呈月牙状,为典型疲劳断裂特征。结论腐蚀与空蚀损伤的协同作用加快裂纹的萌生,使针阀体在热疲劳及机械振动等交变载荷的作用下产生疲劳开裂,使用寿命大为降低。     

Modeling and simulation of arc: Laser and hybrid welding process

Welding is a fabrication process to join two different materials. Among the many welding processes, the arc and laser welding processes are the most widely used. Great effort is required to understand the physical phenomena of arc and laser welding due to the complex behaviors which include liquid phase, solid phase and, gas phase. So it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation to understand the detailed procedures of welding. This paper will present the various numerical simulation methods of the arc welding processes such as arc plasma, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, laser welding, and laser–arc hybrid welding. These simulations are conducted by the finite element method, finite differential method and volume of fluid method to describe and analyze the various welding processes.     

Comparison of mechanical properties of pure copper welded using friction stir welding and tungsten inert gas welding

The objective of this research is to investigate the mechanical properties including bonding, tensile strength, and impact resistance of pure copper welded using friction stir welding (FSW) method and compare them with that of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Micro-hardness tests are performed on pure copper, TIG welded copper and FSW welded copper to determine the effect of heat on the hardness of welded coppers. Tensile strength tests and notch tensile strength tests are performed to determine the mechanical properties of different weld process.In this experiment, it is found that the notch tensile strength and the notch strength ratio for FSW (212 MPa, 1.10) are significantly higher than those (190 MPa, 1.02) of TIG welding. For the impact tests, the weld zone and heat-affected zone energy absorption values for FSW (2.87 J, 2.25 J) are higher than those (1.32 J, 0 J) of TIG welding. XRD tests are performed to determine components of copper before and after welding process for TIG and FSW.     

Inertia welding for assembly of copper squirrel cages for electric motors

The automotive industry is developing designs and manufacturing processes for new generations of electric motors intended for use in hybrid and electric vehicles. There is interest in replacing the aluminum traditionally used in induction motor rotors with copper to improve motor capability. This paper focuses on solid-state welding to join copper end rings to copper spokes in the fabrication of copper rotors. Inertia friction welding was explored to examine weldability of these copper components. A better understanding of inertia welding characteristics will help the advancements in its application for induction rotors. The limitations of this application are discussed.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱除废手机PCB表面元器件的方法研究

通过微生物法实现废手机PCB基板与其表面元器件分离,并探究最佳的工艺条件.采用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,以下简称A.f菌）脱除废手机PCB表面元器件,研究结果表明,经接种处理,浸出3d后,PCB表面元器件有少量脱除;浸出5d后,PCB表面元器件大部分可被脱除,仍有个体较大的元器件未被脱除;浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件被完全脱除;未接种对照组中PCB表面元器件未发生脱除.通过ICP-OES测得A.f菌作用7d的浸出液中含有大量的金属离子,而这些金属离子是构成元器件与PCB衔接处焊脚的主要组成成分,其中Ni、Zn、Al通过A.f菌作用后以离子形态进入浸出液中,焊脚中的单质Sn通过A.f菌作用后转化为离子态进入浸出液中,在浸出液中又迅速形成含锡沉淀物,在浸出第1d浸出液中Sn离子含量急速下降.通过设置不同浸出条件的单因素实验,结果表明：当培养基初始pH值为1.0,固液比为3：50,接种量为15%,温度为30℃,转速为125r/min时,A.f菌脱除手机PCB表面元器件效果最佳.浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件可被完全脱除.     

Improvement of welding heat source models for TIG-MIG hybrid welding process

Tungsten inert gas-metal inert gas (TIG-MIG) hybrid welding process is an effective way to improve welding productivity and quality due to advantages of the two processes. Mathematical analysis is crucial to fundamentally understand this synergetic welding process. In this study, based on experimental visualization of arc behaviors, some assumptions are proposed to deduce adaptive plane and volumetric heat source models separately for each involved welding method first. The influence of torch angles on distribution of temperature and geometry of weld bead are calculated and compared with experimental results. It shows that this developed algorithm of heat source can be employed to accurately predict welding process whether the electrode gun is slanted backward or forward to the direction of welding. Then TIG-MIG hybrid welding process is simulated and analyzed without considering the attractive or repulsive force of two arcs. The characteristic of TIG-MIG welding process is discussed compared to single MIG. It lays the foundation for the further research on the interaction of the two arcs during TIG-MIG hybrid welding.     

基于FAD的铝合金车体焊接缺陷安全性评价方法研究

目的确保高速列车运行安全,采用先进的方法和理论对焊接缺陷进行评定显得非常重要。方法采用断裂力学和有限元相结合的方法,建立车体全比例有限元模型。采用热弹塑性法对焊接残余应力进行有限元数值仿真。基于标准BS 7910提供的焊接缺陷评价方法,对焊接缺陷进行安全性评定。结果对车体带焊缝的有限元模型,依据BS EN12663标准施加车体所承受的载荷,获取焊缝关注点的应力转化所得到一次应力。根据关注点信息建立所在焊缝处的接头模型进行热弹塑性仿真模拟,从而获取该关注点残余应力数值及分布转化所得到二次应力。将焊接缺陷进行裂纹当量化,从而计算得到载荷比与应力强度因子比值,结合许用FAD曲线,对高速列车铝合金车体上焊缝关注点进行安全性评价。结论该方法对车体这种大型复杂焊接结构的安全性进行评价是可行的,并对焊接缺陷是否合于使用提出质量控制的建议。     

化学计量学法解析涂料行业废气化学成分

涂料行业废气污染物属于复杂未知体系,常规方法难以进行全面准确的定性定量分析。采用GC/MS法测定涂料行业废气化学成分,利用化学计量学解析法(CRM)对谱图中的色谱峰进行逐一解析,得到各组分的纯色谱曲线和质谱,通过质谱库匹配进行定性,用解析色谱曲线积分法进行定量。从20个色谱峰中解析出了47个组分,鉴定了其中39个化合物,占总含量的90.86%。涂料废气污染物的主要化学成分为苯系物,占总含量的47.88%。该法能对重叠峰进行解析,降低对色谱注的要求,为快速、准确解析复杂未知样本提供了崭新途径。     

油库设备焊割动火的安全防护

总结了油库设备焊割动火作业中油蒸气的清除、隔离方法及其组织实施要点,有利于油库整修改造过程中焊割动火作业的安全管理。