Contribution of organic matter to metolachlor adsorption on some soils

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Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils

Norfloxacin (Nor) sorption and the factors (soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and exogenous copper (Cu) influencing the sorption were investigated in a black soil (soil B), a fluvo-aquic soil (soil F), and a red soil (soil R). With increasing of Nor concentrations, sorption amount of norfloxacin increased in both the bulk soils and their SOM-removed soils, but the sorption capacity in SOM-removed soils was higher than that of their corresponding bulk soils, indicating that the process of norfloxacin sorption in soil was influenced by the soil properties including SOM. The sorption data in all bulk soils and SOM-removed soils were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The correlation coefficients suggested that the experimental data fitted better to Freundlich equation than to Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the data from soil F and SOM-removed F could not be described by Langmuir equation. The norfloxacin sorption amount decreased in soil B and soil F, whereas it increased in soil R as solution pH increased. The maximum KD and KOC were achieved in soil R when the equilibrium solution pH was 6. And the norfloxacin sorption was also influenced by the exogenous Cu2+ ions, which depended on the soil types and Cu2+ concentrations. With increasing of Cu2+ concentrations in solution, generally, sorption amount, KD and KOC for norfloxacin in soils increased and were up to a peak at 100 mg/L Cu2+, and then the sorption amount decreased regardless of norfloxacin levels.     

农田灰钙土中有机质和碳酸钙对Zn吸附-解吸行为的影响

采用序批平衡法,研究了Zn在去除有机质及去除碳酸钙前后灰钙土的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,在试验土壤中吸附量均随着加入Zn浓度的增加而增加,且去碳酸钙土对Zn吸附固定能力明显低于灰钙土,即有机质对灰钙土Zn的吸附影响小于碳酸钙;去有机质及去碳酸钙前后灰钙土对Zn的吸附过程不适合用 Langmuir方程描述,而 Freundlich方程能够很好地拟合,调整后的决定系数R2￠均大于0.90,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);去除有机质和碳酸钙后灰钙土对Zn的解吸率都升高,且灰钙土去碳酸钙后解吸率略高于去有机质;去除有机质及碳酸钙前后灰钙土的解吸量均随吸附量的升高而升高,且去碳酸钙土解吸量最大,去有机质土次之,灰钙土最小;土壤有机质和碳酸钙对Zn均有较强的络合吸附效应,能有效降低Zn的迁移活性,从而促进吸附,抑制解吸.     

Sorption of dissolved organic matter and its effects on the atrazine sorption on soils

IntroductionApplication of organic amendments, such as sewagesludge to agricultural soils, has been considered as aneffective way to improve the soil physico chemical propertiesand organic matter compositions. Dissolved organic matter(D…     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对土壤吸附重金属Cd2+、Pb2+的影响

采用序批次吸附试验,研究了不同填埋年限(0、4～5、12a)垃圾渗滤液中的DOM对土壤吸持重金属Cd2 、Pb2 的影响.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中的DOM能促进土壤对重金属Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附.在有垃圾渗滤液DOM存在的条件下,Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程拟合(R2＞0.94),土壤对Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附量比对照处理(无垃圾渗滤液DOM)分别高1.13～1.42倍和1.09～1.84倍,填埋年限长的垃圾渗滤液较之填埋年限短的渗滤液对土壤吸附Cd2 、Pb2 的影响强烈.在Cd2 、Pb2 初始浓度相同时,潮土较红壤具有更高的吸持能力,并且随体系pH的增高,其吸持量增加.     

重金属污染的长春水田黑土对菲的吸附作用

以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了Pb、Zn、Cu污染后黑土对PAHs的吸附作用.结果表明,分配作用是黑土吸附菲的主要机制,无论重金属污染与否,黑土对菲的等温吸附曲线均呈线性.实验条件下,重金属污染后黑土对菲的吸附作用明显增强,且随重金属含量提高,黑土对菲的吸附系数(Kd)和有机碳标化的吸附系数(Koc)增大.由于重金属的“键桥”作用,黑土吸附菲的平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度降低,土壤固相有机质含量略有增加(不超过原有有机质含量的0.53%).计算了这部分增加的固相有机质对菲的吸附系数K_Ph/soc,并分析了溶液中DOM对土壤吸附菲的影响.结果显示,溶液中DOM浓度变化及其与菲的结合作用对重金属影响土壤吸附菲的贡献甚微;而K_Ph/soc值则比土壤原有有机质对菲的吸附系数K_d值大2～3个数量级,这是重金属污染导致土壤吸附作用增强的根本原因.     

Effect of biosurfactant[0] on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the "soft" carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coefficient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 ± 0.007) μg/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH, the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL⁻ and L²⁻). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

源自腐殖土的溶解性有机质组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑的影响

溶解性有机质(DOM)影响着有机污染物在土壤中的吸附行为.将从腐殖土中提取的DOM(DOMbulk)用XAD-8树脂和阴/阳离子交换树脂进行分级,用红外光谱、元素分析、紫外分光光度计和电位滴定的方法对DOM不同组分特征进行分析.用吸附批次实验方法研究了DOM不同组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑(BTA)的影响.结果表明,DOMbulk中疏水酸性(HOA)、疏水中性(HON)、亲水酸性(HIA)、亲水碱性(HIB)和亲水中性(HIN)组分比例分别为61%、17%、6%、2%和14%.由于黑土有机碳(OC)含量高于棕壤,黑土对BTA和DOM组分的吸附能力均大于棕壤.相对于黑土,棕壤吸附DOM的标化分配系数Koc较高,其原因是棕壤中含有较多的对吸附DOM起重要作用的黏粒和粉砂.由于水分子占据DOM结合点位,DOM组分与BTA在溶液中结合较弱.DOMbulk中HIN在土壤上吸附最强.HIN的吸附增加了土壤吸附BTA的点位,增加点位的促进吸附作用大于HIN与BTA的竞争吸附作用,最终表现为促进吸附.疏水组分在土壤上的吸附较弱,产生的新吸附点位较少,主要通过竞争吸附作用抑制土壤对BTA的吸附.DOMbulk由78%的疏水组分构成,对土壤吸附BTA的影响与疏水组分相似.     

除草剂苄嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附

应用平衡法研究了除草剂苄嘧磺隆在8种土壤中的吸附特性．结果表明,土壤对苄嘧磺隆有很强的吸附性,且随供试土壤理化性质的差异其吸附性呈明显变化．苄嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附符合Fruendlich方程,其在土壤中的吸附常数Kf与土壤有机质、粘粒含量呈显著正相关(r＝0．7393*和0．7751*,p＜0．05),与土壤pH呈显著负相关(r＝0．7068*,p＜0．05)．苄嘧磺隆在土壤上的吸附自由能为11．45—13．38KJ／mol,表明苄嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附以物理作用为主。     

灭草松和莠去津在土壤中的竞争吸附

采用振荡平衡法测定了低浓度范围内(＜30 mg·L-1)灭草松和莠去津单、双溶质在4种土壤中的吸附等温线.单溶质吸附结果表明,4种土壤中灭草松存在不吸附、吸附2种类型,吸附等温线类型有L和C型;莠去津的吸附等温线有L、S和C型;有机质、矿物质及农药疏水性是影响灭草松和莠去津在土壤中吸附的重要因素.通过比较单溶质和双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的等温吸附线,发现混合溶液中它们的吸附行为相互之间随土壤类型不同存在竞争、无影响和协同作用,并且竞争程度与溶质浓度有关.用理想溶液吸附理论(IAST)和单溶质吸附等温线参数,模拟了双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的吸附等温线,结果显示,该模型不能很好的预测实验结果.进一步结合吸附机理分析认为,不同土壤中的竞争结果是由于2种农药在其中共同占有吸附点的情况不同造成的.     

土壤中苯氧羧酸类除草剂的降解动态

在室内模拟条件下研究了 2甲 4氯、2,4-D和除草醚在土壤中的降解动态 .将它们放在 3种不同有机质含量的土壤中培养 ,隔一段时间取出测定它们在土壤中的含量 ,发现随着时间的延长 ,它们的含量在逐渐减少 .在未考虑土壤中微生物的作用时 ,上述 3种农药在土壤中的稳定性与土壤中的有机质含量及 pH值似乎存在一定的相关性 .除草剂在有机质含量高的土壤中降解较快 ,2甲 4氯 ,2 ,4-D和除草醚在黑土中的降解半衰期分别为 28.6d,27.3d,71.5d;而在红土中的降解半衰期分别为223.6d,301.4d,97.6d,苯氧羧酸类除草剂在酸性土壤中表现得更为稳定 .     

中国几种土壤中的有机态硒及其分布特征

采用0.1mol/L NaOH-0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7浸提,活性碳分离技术研究了中国湿润半湿润地区几种土壤中有机态硒的化学特征.供试土壤有机态硒占全硒含量的百分数变幅为3.46％—59.86％,平均28.42％.影响有机硒含量的主要因素有全硒含量(r=0.8033)、有机碳含量(r=0.6618)、土壤交换性酸(r=0.6136)和pH(r=-0.5248)。土壤有机质的C/Se为0.58×10~6-42.93×10~6,平均为6.38×10~6.低硒环境土壤有机质的C/Se显著高于正常硒含量土壤.以平均计,胡敏酸结合态硒约占有机态硒的34％,富啡酸结合态硒占66％.缺硒土壤有机态硒中,胡敏酸结合态硒的比例一般都较高.     

生物质炭施用对土壤中氯虫苯甲酰胺吸附及消解行为的影响

分别在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中添加0.5%(质量分数)生物质炭,采用批处理等温吸附实验及室内消解实验测定了CAP的吸附等温线及消解动态,目的是揭示不同类型土壤中施用生物质炭对残留CAP的环境行为影响规律,为评估生物质炭田间施用综合生态效应,评价土壤残留CAP的环境污染风险提供理论依据.结果表明,生物质炭施用可提高土壤对CAP的吸附活性,但提高程度因土壤性质不同而异.有机质含量较高的黑土中添加生物质炭,吸附农药Kd值提高了2.17%,而有机质含量较低的潮土添加等量生物质炭后则提高了139.13%.生物质炭施入土壤后其对农药吸附活性受到不同程度抑制.与施入土壤前比较,生物质炭施入黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中后吸附常数KF,biochar分别降低了96.94%、90.6%、91.31%、68.26%和34.59%.CAP在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中的消解半衰期为115.52、133.30、154.03、144.41和169.06 d,而在添加生物质炭的土壤中消解半衰期分别延长了20.39、35.76、38.51、79.19和119.75 d.与吸附实验结果一致,生物质炭施入黑土对延缓农药土壤消解作用最小,而潮土中施入生物质炭效果最明显.本研究表明生物质炭施入土壤后可增强对农药的吸附作用,延缓农药的土壤消解,但影响程度与土壤性质有关.     

近50年浙江省耕作土壤有机质和酸碱度的变化特征

为了解浙江省耕作土壤有机质和酸碱度的长期演变,利用历史资料和近期土壤质量调查数据探讨了近50年来浙江省耕作土壤有机质和酸碱度的变化特点.结果表明,近50年来,浙江省耕作土壤有机质和土壤酸碱度发生了较大的变化,但其变化程度和方向因历史时期和土壤类型而异.从1958~1980年,水稻土有机质积累明显,平均增加幅度达40.34%;土壤pH值有轻微的增高趋势,平均上升约0.05个pH值单位.从20世纪80年代初至2008年,水稻土有机质含量总体平均降幅为5.58%,但各土壤分布区中水稻土有机质的变化有所差异,其中,河谷平原区呈现增加趋势,而水网平原、丘陵山地和滨海平原区呈现下降趋势;潮土有机质含量平均增幅为29.48%;盐土有机质含量平均增幅为14.60%;土壤pH值普遍呈现下降,全省耕作土壤平均下降了0.25个pH值单位,水稻土pH值的平均下降高于盐土和潮土.分析认为,施肥结构和土地利用方式的变化是引起耕作土壤有机质和酸碱度变化的主要原因.     

水溶性有机物在土壤中的吸附及对Cu沉淀的抑制作用

通过室内序批试验研究了来自绿肥(GM)和猪粪(PM)的水溶性有机物(DOM)在潮土和红壤中的吸附行为以及来自绿肥和猪粪堆肥(PMC)的DOM对Cu在高pH下沉淀的影响.结果表明,当没有外源DOM加入时,潮土、红壤中存在DOM的净释放,分别为33.58mg·L^-1和17.17mg·L^-1.随外源DOM加入量的增加土壤净释放量减小,存在土壤对DOM的吸附作用.与绿肥DOM相比,土壤对猪粪DOM的吸附能力更强,m、K_d分别为0.424 1、2.946(红壤),0.284 6、1.58(潮土).比绿肥对应高出32.9%、57.1%(红壤),67%、93.7%(潮土).红壤由于Fe、Al、Mn等氧化物含量较高及低pH值,使其对DOM的亲和力比潮土强.试验结果还表明绿肥和猪粪堆肥DOM能够明显地抑制Cu的沉淀,在pH6～10范围内效果明显,其中Cu的沉淀率分别降低了43.6%(Cu+GM),22.6%(Cu+PMC).     

O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O2氧化、H2O2氧化和O3／H2O2高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究．发现3种方法中,O3／H2O2联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为031．0mg／L、H2O24mg／L时,接触30min达到100％的灭蚤率;单独O3氧化效果也较好,投加1．0mg／L的灭蚤率为80％;H2O2氧化效果不理想,投加4mg／L几乎无灭蚤效果。进而考察确定了03／H2O2灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为：先加O3后加H2O2,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H2O2投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O3／H2O2系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响。试验中发现H2O2投量在4～10mg／L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小。最后对O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察。结果表明,O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果。     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates and soil organic matter on copper sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two paddy soils

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates (Fed) and soil organic matter (SOM) on copper (Cu2+) sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two typical paddy soils (Ferric-Accumulic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil H) and Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil W)) were investigated with and without treatment of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and of H2O2. The size fractions of aggregates were obtained from the undisturbed bulk topsoil using a low energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Experiments of equilibrium sorption and subsequent desorption were conducted at soil water ratio of 1:20, 25℃. For Soil H, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fractions was decreased by 5.9% for fine sand fraction, by 40.4% for coarse sand fraction, in comparison to 2.9% for the bulk sample. However, Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by over 80% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the clay-sized fraction in comparison to 88% for bulk soil. For Soil W, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fraction was decreased by 30% for the coarse sand fraction and by over 75% for silt sand fraction in comparison to 44.5% for the bulk sample. Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by only 2.0% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the fine sand fraction in comparison to by 3.4% for bulk soil. However, Cu2+ desorption rates were increased much in H2O2-treated samples by over 80% except the clay-sized fraction (only 9.5%) for Soil H. While removal of SOM with H2O2 tendend to increase desorption rate, DCB- and H2O2-treatments caused decrease in Cu2+ retention capacity of size fractions. Particularly, there hardly remained Cu2+ retention capacity by size fractions from Soil H after H2O2 treatment except for clay-sized fraction. These findings supported again the dominance of the coarse sand fraction in sorption of metals and the preference of absorbed metals bound to SOM in differently stabilized status among the size fractions. Thus, enrichment and turnover of SOM in paddy soils may have great effects on metal retention and chemical mobility in paddy soils.     

土壤不同有机质组分对菲的吸附特征研究

采用批次实验,研究了三种不同类型土壤黄红壤、水稻土和草甸土的全土、重组、去松结态和紧结态4个组分对菲的吸附,结果表明,菲在不同土壤及其组分上的吸附等温线都能用Freundlich方程进行拟合,所有等温线都具有一定程度的非线性,指数N值的大小顺序基本都为全土>重组>去松结态>紧结态.除了黄红壤的紧结态比去松结态对菲的吸附容量KF值略小外,不同土壤及其组分对菲吸附的KF值以及有机碳归一化的KFoc值大小顺序都为紧结态>去松结态>重组>全土.不同类型土壤之间的KF值大小顺序为草甸土>水稻土>黄红壤,而KFoc值大小顺为水稻土>草甸土>黄红壤.KF值与有机碳含量之间呈显著性正相关(P<0.05),KFoc与N之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).土壤及其组分对菲的吸附强度与有机质的结构特征和聚合程度有关.