生物反硝化去除地下水中硝酸盐的混合碳源研究

选取麦秸、锯末、乙醇为碳源,比较了这3种物质单独或两两组合作为碳源的情况下,生物反硝化去除模拟地下水中硝酸盐的效果.结果表明,以麦秸为碳源的反应体系具有较好的反硝化效果,但反应器出水具有颜色和异味;锯末+乙醇作为混合碳源的反应体系比单独添加锯末或乙醇反应体系的脱氮效果好;碳氮比(C/N)为40的混合碳源用量有利于硝酸盐...     

以麦秆作为好氧反硝化碳源的研究

采用室内试验装置,研究以麦秆为碳源和反应介质的生物反应器在好氧条件下去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素和效果。结果表明,以麦秆为碳源的反应器启动快,反硝化反应受温度及水力停留时间影响大。28℃时N的去除量约33℃的3倍。当室温为(27±1)℃,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为50mg/L、水力停留时间56.85h时,反应器对氮的去除率在94.64%以上;当水力停留时间为12h时,氮去除率<50%。同时反硝化反应受pH值和进水NO3--N浓度的影响。当pH值为6.7时,N的去除率最高,达90%以上。反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度显著呈线性关系。     

以聚羟基脂肪酸酯为固体碳源去除地下水中的硝酸盐

研究了可降解聚合物聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）作为固体碳源和生物膜载体去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素。结果表明,低温反硝化有较大影响,5℃和10℃时的反硝化速率分别只有30℃时的5%和13%。反硝化对进水pH有较强的适应性,在pH4.5-9.5条件下,反硝化速率介于11.2-15.8mg/（Loh）之间。pH为4.5-8.5时,出水亚硝酸盐的浓度相差不大。DO对以反硝化速率影响不大,当进水DO为0.9mg/L-5.0mg/L时,反硝化速率介于12.6-15.8mg/（Loh）之间,出水NO2-N浓度的最大值为0.15 mg/L。     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥处理纤维素乙醇废水脱氮效能的影响

采用SBR反应器,考察了温度对好氧颗粒污泥处理纤维素乙醇废水脱氮性能的影响.研究结果表明,当进水为纤维素乙醇废水原水时,稳定阶段不同温度(10、20、30℃)条件下体系对COD的去除率分别为10.2%、12.7%、13.7%;总无机氮的去除率分别为42.8%、53.6%、70.5%,温度的升高明显地提高了硝化菌的活性和生长速率,进而促进了脱氮效果.当进水为纤维素乙醇废水经IC工艺处理后的厌氧出水时,3个温度条件下系统对废水中有机物的去除效果无较大差异,去除率均低于15%,主要因为纤维素乙醇废水的厌氧处理出水中的有机物很难被微生物利用;而温度对脱氮效果影响较大,30℃下NH_4~+-N去除率达到60.9%,分别是10℃和20℃时的2.0和1.3倍,并且,随着温度的升高总无机氮的去除率增强,NO_3~--N的去除量增加.由于体系COD去除率低说明反硝化可利用的碳源不足,因此,系统内可能存在内碳源反硝化作用,而且内碳源反硝化作用也随着温度的升高而增强.通过氮平衡计算可知,3个温度条件下氮损失分别为37.6%、45.0%、53.6%,说明温度的升高不仅提高了硝化菌活性,还促进了内碳源反硝化,进而提高了对氮素的去除.     

以稻草为碳源和生物膜载体去除水中的硝酸盐

采用室内试验装置,研究了以农业废弃物稻草为反硝化碳源和反应介质的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果及其影响因素.结果表明,以稻草为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果好,且试验过程中未发现亚硝酸盐累积;进水硝酸盐浓度对装置的处理效果有一定影响,浓度过高会导致硝酸盐的去除率下降;装置对进水DO和ｐH变化有一定抗性,DO在1.0～3.5 mg/L,pH在6.5～8.5之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,装置运行84 ｄ后,出水硝酸盐开始升高,硝酸盐去除率逐步降低,但去除率仍在50%以上.     

以PHAs为固体碳源的城镇二级出水深度脱氮研究

利用从连续运行的缓释碳源滤料滤池中取出的聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)颗粒,研究了微生物和硝酸盐对其的总有机碳(TOC)释放速率的影响,并研究了温度、pH值、硝态氮浓度对其反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:原有的和附着有微生物的PHAs颗粒在去离子水中TOC释放速率分别为0.030,0.053mg/(g·d),远低于水中有硝酸盐时的TOC释放速率[进水NO3--N为30mg/L时,TOC释放速率为0.533mg/(g·d)].温度和pH值对反硝化速率影响较大, pH值为7.5时,在15~35℃范围内, 30℃下的反硝化速率最大,为0.067mg/(g·h);温度为30℃时,pH值在6.0~9.0范围内,pH值为7.8时的反硝化速率最大,达到0.061mg/(g·h).反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度之间的关系符合Monod方程,最大反应速率和半饱和常数分别为4.74mgNO3--N/(gSS·h)和56.6mg/L.     

以PHAs为固体碳源的城镇二级出水深度脱氮研究

利用从连续运行的缓释碳源滤料滤池中取出的聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)颗粒,研究了微生物和硝酸盐对其的总有机碳(TOC)释放速率的影响,并研究了温度、pH值、硝态氮浓度对其反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:原有的和附着有微生物的PHAs颗粒在去离子水中TOC释放速率分别为0.030,0.053mg/(g·d),远低于水中有硝酸盐时的TOC释放速率[进水NO3--N为30mg/L时,TOC释放速率为0.533mg/(g·d)].温度和pH值对反硝化速率影响较大,pH值为7.5时,在15~35℃范围内,30℃下的反硝化速率最大,为0.067mg/(g·h);温度为30℃时,pH值在6.0~9.0范围内,pH值为7.8时的反硝化速率最大,达到0.061mg/(g·h).反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度之间的关系符合Monod方程,最大反应速率和半饱和常数分别为4.74mgNO3--N/(gSS·h)和56.6mg/L.     

单级生物脱氮的特性研究

以 PVA为载体 ,采用冷冻法混合固定硝化菌和反硝化菌 ,研究硝化菌与反硝化菌的比例、有机碳源、p H值、碱度、温度和DO等因素对单级脱氮过程的影响 .试验结果表明 :当硝化菌 /反硝化菌 =1.5∶ 1～ 3.6∶1 (W∶W)时 ,脱氮速率最快 .在甲醇、乙醇、醋酸和葡萄糖 4种有机碳源中 ,以乙醇为碳源时脱氮速率最快 .最适的温度、pH值和 DO分别是 30℃、8.2和 2 mg/L～ 6mg/L.碱度与氨氮的比例越高 ,脱氮速率越快 ,但当碱度 /氨氮 >9.0时 ,脱氮速率趋于稳定 .     

碳源对反硝化过程NO2-积累及出水pH值的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR),考察了以甲醇、乙醇、乙酸钠为碳源的电子供体对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及出水pH值的影响.结果表明,碳源充足时,亚硝酸盐积累量与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关.进水NO3--N为20mg/L,即低负荷条件下,各碳源系统仅有少量亚硝酸盐积累,比反硝化速率及出水pH值对应碳源依次为乙酸钠>乙醇>甲醇;高负荷条件下,除甲醇系统因反硝化不完全仅有微量亚硝酸盐积累外,乙醇和乙酸钠系统均有大量亚硝酸盐积累,且积累量与出水pH值明显高于低负荷.对以乙酸钠为碳源的研究还发现,不同电子受体投配比的反硝化均出现不同程度的亚硝酸盐积累且反应速率随着NO3--N比例提高而降低,说明亚硝酸盐的还原受到硝酸盐的抑制.pH值监测显示,除了与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关,反硝化过程pH值增量还随COD/N比升高.因此,反硝化过程宜采用乙酸钠与其他碳源混合且适量投加以消除单一碳源造成出水pH值过高或反应速率慢的不利影响.     

温度对反硝化过程的影响以及pH 值变化规律

以乙酸钠为碳源,采用序批式反应器(SBR)考察了不同温度对全程和短程2 种类型反硝化的影响.结果表明,在温度为10~30℃时,2 种类型反硝化均可以进行完全.相同温度下,短程反硝化的平均比反硝化速率是全程的1.312 倍.降低温度,2 种电子受体的比反硝化速率均会下降,且20~10℃的温度转变较30~20℃转变的影响显著,其中以NO2--N 的还原过程受低温影响较大.低温(10~15 ) ℃ 条件对NO3--N 向NO2--N 的还原过程有一定抑制作用.在起始电子受体浓度与pH 值相同的条件下,温度越低,反硝化过程中2 种系统pH 值增量越大,反硝化结束时的pH 值越高;温度相同条件下,短程反硝化结束时pH 值曲线上峰点的值高于全程反硝化.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.