北方沿海城市屋面雨水径流水质及影响因素

选取天津市某小区3种材质的屋顶(瓦面、油毡屋面、沥青面)径流为研究对象,通过7场连续降雨监测,分析探讨了径流污染物平均浓度(EMC),屋面雨水径流水质特点,污染物出流规律以及径流水质影响因素。结果表明,天津市天然雨水中含氮量较高;通过计算3种屋面径流及路面径流EMC值,得出屋面径流中SS和COD严重超标,油毡面径流污染最重,天津市屋面径流污染水平比上海市高,也比美国、德国和法国等国家高;屋面雨水径流前期污染较高,存在一定的初使冲刷效应;晴天积累天数是影响屋面径流水质的重要因素,屋面初期径流污染物浓度与晴天累积天数成正相关;降雨强度对径流污染物具有分段影响,降雨强度6 mm/h时,径流污染物浓度随降雨强度的增大而增加,降雨强度6 mm/h时,径流污染物浓度随雨强的增大而降低。     

高速公路路面雨水径流污染特征分析

在对南京机场高速公路禄口高架桥降雨径流水质进行监测的基础上,探讨了高速公路路面雨水径流污染物的出流规律、径流中污染物的事件平均浓度(EMC)及其影响因素.结果表明,对于降雨量大、初期降雨强度大的降雨事件,初期径流污染物浓度较高,初期效应显著,整个污染物的出流浓度随降雨历时呈前高后低的变化趋势;对于降雨量小、降雨强度小的降雨事件污染物浓度没有明显的降低趋势;SS、COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN 和TP 的EMC 中值浓度分别为126,127,19.50,1.59,4.44,0.28mg/L.SS 与COD 为主要污染物.高速公路路面降雨径流中污染物受前期晴天数影响最大,SS、COD、TP 受降雨强度的影响显著,而降雨量对BOD5、NH3-N、TN 影响仅次于前期晴天数.     

屋面雨水径流水质特性研究

选择南京市区3处不同类型屋面(沥青屋面、瓦屋面、混凝土屋面),对7场降雨径流事件进行了监测分析,重点探讨了屋面雨水径流中污染物的出流规律、事件平均浓度(EMC).结果表明,对于降雨量大、降雨强度大的降雨事件,初期污染物浓度较高,整个出流过程污染物浓度随降雨历时呈前高后低的变化趋势;对于降雨量小、降雨强度小的降雨事件污染物浓度没有明显降低趋势;降雨强度大、具有明显降雨峰值的降雨事件中污染物出流存在“二次冲刷”现象.EMC的计算结果表明,屋面径流TN,COD的污染严重,3种屋面的TN以及沥青、混凝土屋面COD超出了《地表水环境质量标准》V类标准限值,瓦屋面和沥青屋面的TP也超出了Ⅲ类标准限值;SS和TP浓度排序:瓦屋面＞沥青屋面＞混凝土屋面,COD,TN的浓度排序为:沥青屋面＞混凝土屋面＞瓦屋面;受屋面类型、降雨特性和当地大气状况的影响,本研究与国内外同类研究存在一定的差异.     

北京城区不同下垫面降雨径流产污特征分析

通过对北京城区3类不同下垫面的降雨径流水质进行监测以及对实验数据进行皮尔森(Pearson)统计分析,探讨了沥青路面、硬质屋顶及草地屋顶的雨水径流污染物历时变化规律,计算了各场次降雨径流污染物的事件平均浓度(EMCs),分析了径流水质的主要影响因素.结果表明,相对于沥青路面与硬质屋顶,草地屋顶对除磷外的其他径流污染物浓度有明显削减作用;初期降雨径流中CODcr、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP、Pb、Cu、Zn的EMC值大多超出V类国家地表水标准,3类重金属污染物监测结果也表明城区暴雨径流污染明显;统计分析结果表明污染物质与前期晴天数、降雨历时呈现正相关关系,与降雨量、降雨强度呈现负相关关系,通过控制初期径流污染、加强清扫及屋顶绿化可以从源头减少城市降雨径流污染.     

城市典型不透水下垫面径流中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征

在我国属于优先控制污染物的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)应用依然广泛,径流中的PAEs对受纳水体的污染值得高度关注.对上海典型的城市不透水下垫面路面及屋面降雨径流中6种优先控制PAEs的质量浓度进行监测,评价城市不透水下垫面径流中PAEs的污染特征.结果表明,上海市路面及屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs的EMC平均值分别为170. 64μg·L~(-1)和40. 92μg·L~(-1),与国外城市相比污染严重,DEHP为主要PAEs污染物.对不同类型水样中PAEs含量差异的显著性分析发现,不同下垫面径流中低分子量(LMW) PAEs浓度不存在显著性差异,路面径流中高分子量(HMW) PAEs浓度显著高于屋面径流及雨水(P 0. 01),道路交通是造成下垫面径流PAEs污染的重要因素.路面径流中PAEs、TSS及COD浓度随降雨历时的变化特征表明,PAEs的变化趋势与TSS及COD相同,初期径流浓度较高,存在初期冲刷效应.不透水下垫面径流中PAEs浓度及其影响因素的相关分析表明,屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨强度呈负相关,与TSS呈正相关.路面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨量、降雨强度呈负相关,与前期晴天数、TSS、COD呈正相关.下垫面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与表面累积的颗粒物含量有关. DEHP、DBP为我国《地表水环境质量标准》控制污染物,路面及屋面径流中DEHP的浓度超过8μg·L~(-1)的标准值分别达到32、7倍,路面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中超过标准值3μg·L~(-1),屋面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中低于标准值,下垫面径流直接排放对受纳水体,特别是饮用水水源地存在威胁.     

北京市城市降雨径流水质评价研究

选取北京市城市天然雨水与3个不同下垫面(屋面、单位内部道路和环路干道道路)的降雨径流为研究对象,在2010年7～10月期间,测定了8场降雨中的13个理化指标,并采用灰色关联分析和主成分分析方法进行水质综合评价和污染物来源分析.结果表明,环路干道径流的综合水质最差,其他依次为屋面径流、单位内部道路径流和天然雨水,其中环路干道径流综合水质超出国家地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,天然雨水、单位内部道路径流和屋面径流综合水质满足国家地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;天然雨水与各下垫面降雨径流的主要污染物为氮,其中TN和NH4+-N平均浓度为5.49～11.75 mg.L-1和2.90～5.67 mg.L-1;环路干道径流中第一类污染物为P、SS和有机污染物,其主要来源为车辆轮胎和路面材质的磨损;第二类污染物为N和溶解态重金属,其主要来源为车辆尾气和大气干湿沉降.本研究结果可以为城市雨水水质评价、城市面源污染控制和雨水回收利用提供科学依据.     

重庆市路面降雨径流特征及污染源解析

2010年雨季对重庆市3场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,分析了重庆市路面降雨径流过程特征与降雨强度和降雨间隔时间对不同水质参数初始冲刷的影响,运用多元统计技术区分出路面径流的潜在污染源.结果表明,3场降雨径流的COD、TP和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)分别为60.83～208.03、0.47～1.01和2.07～5.00 mg.L-1,超出了国家地表水环境质量V类标准,是主要污染物;3次降雨事件中,污染物浓度的峰值均提前或同步于径流量的峰值,并且污染物浓度的峰值多数出现在产流10 min内;重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd浓度随降雨径流过程呈锯齿状变化;运用主成分分析区分出路面径流水质的2种潜在污染源:①机动车交通损耗和大气干湿沉降;②城市垃圾.     

城市降雨屋面、路面径流水文水质特征研究

为研究城市硬质下垫面径流的水文过程与污染物浓度变化特征,对北京市2006年6-8月的4场降雨进行路面和屋面水文、水质过程同步分析.结果表明,径流曲线与降雨过程线形状类似,波动幅度相对较小,滞后于降雨过程线5～20 min,屋面径流系数在0.80～0.98之间;路面径流系数在0.87～0.97之间.径流污染物的浓度是由累积排放规律决定的,路面径流的污染物浓度高于屋面径流,径流中COD、TN、TP的浓度均超过地表水环境质量标准V类水要求.各类污染物之间的相关性均处于显著性水平R=0.1以上,屋面径流颗粒物与有机物和阴离子之间的相关关系较大(＞0.5),而与氮磷等营养物质的相关系数较小(＜0.5);路面径流中,TN、1P与颗粒物的相关性有所增加.径流中各类物质大多存在初期冲刷现象,并受到污染物种类、下垫面特征、降雨强度和雨型等因素的影响.SS初期冲刷现象较其它几类污染物更为明显,路面较屋面更容易形成初期冲刷,低强度降雨不容易形成有机物和营养物质的初期冲刷现象.控制初期径流污染是北京市径流管理的有效措施.     

北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析

城市硬化地表的迅速增加使得降雨径流量增加,屋面和路面等下垫面上污染物的大量累积并随径流进入城市排水系统,对城市水环境造成威胁.为了解径流污染过程和给径流污染控制提供科学依据,于2004～2006年选取典型屋面和路面对径流污染过程进行了监测和分析,计算了两种径流的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)水平,发现两类径流的COD和TN污染较为严重;屋面径流的化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)分别超标(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002 V类)3.64和4.80倍;路面径流的COD、TN分别超标3.73和1.07倍.利用M(V)曲线,判断径流量同径流污染负荷的关系,发现屋面径流污染物总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和总磷(TP)发生了不同程度的初始冲刷现象;路面初始冲刷现象主要表现为TSS和TP,总体上初始冲刷效应不明显.汇水面性质、降雨强度、污染物累积状况等都是影响屋面和路面径流污染物排放特征的重要影响因素.     

重庆市不同材质屋面径流水质特性

2010年雨季对重庆市6场降雨时段的屋面径流进行采样监测,分析了水泥屋面和瓦屋面径流污染物的出流过程和初始冲刷现象,并且运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对径流水质的影响.结果表明:2种材质屋面径流水质参数中CODCr和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC,以ρ计)均超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类标准,为屋面径流主要污染物.水泥屋面的CODCr、TN、NO3--N、TSS、Cu和Zn的EMC明显高于瓦屋面,分别高出1.63、1.57、1.15、1.70、1.50和1.88倍.在水泥屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)变化幅度大于瓦屋面,并且其峰值滞后或同步于最大雨强;在瓦屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)的峰值提前或同步于最大雨强.瓦屋面各污染物FF30(初期30%径流携带的污染负荷)的平均值均高于水泥屋面;水泥屋面各污染物(除Zn和Cd外)FF30的标准差均高于瓦屋面.各污染物的EMC与降雨量、平均雨强、径流量和最大雨强呈负相关;溶解态重金属的EMC与前期晴天数呈负相关,其余指标均与前期晴天数呈正相关.      

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.