混合填料生物滤池处理渗滤液混合液实验研究

应用沸石和粉煤灰加气砼颗粒分别作为滤池填料联合处理渗滤液和生活污水混合水,前处理池为天然沸石填料滤池,通过吸附去除混合污水中NH4+-N,调节出水中C/N,使其处于15~30范围内,为后处理池(曝气生物滤池)废水处理提供有利条件。得出沸石添加量为80%时,前处理池出水C/N达到15.59,适宜后处理池生物处理工艺条件。在渗滤液与生活污水配比为1/1时,进水COD、NH4+-N浓度分别为6 749.31、1 538.20 mg/L,不同水力负荷对前处理池出水C/N具有一定影响,在水力负荷为36.74 m3/(m3·d)时,C/N最大为19.27,此时后处理池COD、NH4+-N去除率最高,分别为80.63%、68.75%。整个系统COD、NH4+-N去除率在水力负荷为36.74 m3/(m3·d)时达到最大,分别为89.75%和96.50%,其出水中COD、NH4+-N浓度分别为687.67和57.58 mg/L。     

水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响

通过分析不同水力负荷下蚯蚓生物滤池进出水水质以及蚯蚓生存状况,研究水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水力负荷由2.0m3/(m2·d)增大到6.0m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓生物滤池出水各污染物浓度均缓慢增大,受水力负荷影响较小.当水力负荷增大到6.7m3/(m2·d)时,滤池出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH 4-N、TP浓度明显增大,出水TN浓度则呈下降趋势,蚯蚓出现严重不适现象.随着水力负荷增大,蚯蚓相对摄食能力呈先升高后降低趋势,水力负荷为4.8 m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓相对摄食能力最大,有机物去除效果良好.滤池内蚯蚓平均重量、平均密度,单位面积蚯蚓生物量和水力负荷均呈极显著负相关.推荐蚯蚓生物滤池运行水力负荷4.8m3/(m2·d),不宜超过6.7m3/(m2·d).     

复合生态滤床用于重金属污染地表水体修复

以蛭石为滤床基质,研究了复合生态滤床对受重金属污染地表水体的修复效能.结果表明,复合生态滤床对重金属污染水体有较好的处理效果,在水力负荷为2.0m.3m-.2d-1时,系统对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的平均去除率分别达到81.60%、80.55%、83.20%、62.21%;按照国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),出水重金属浓度达到Ⅱ类水质标准;出水COD值为9.7～38.3mg·L-1,达到Ⅰ类水质标准;出水NH4+-N达到1mg·L-1以下,达到Ⅲ类水质标准.滤床基质中铜离子含量稳定在30mg·kg-1左右,表明植物根系可以有效地吸收蛭石吸附的重金属,从而有效提高蛭石的再吸附能力,延长滤床工作周期.     

曝气生物滤池处理性能影响因素实验研究

采用上向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,考察了气水比、水力负荷、有机负荷、滤料层高度等因素对曝气生物滤池处理性能的影响。结果表明,气水比为5：1时,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别为87．6％和60．1％;水力负荷在0．21—0．86m^3／（m^2·h）的条件下,COD的去除率随水力负荷的增加降幅较小,NH3-N的去除率下降明显;有机负荷在1．15～2．96kg／（m^3·d）的条件下,BAF表现出很好的抗有机负荷冲击能力。BAF对有机物的去除主要发生在滤料层0～70cm段,对NH3-N的硝化主要发生在滤料层40—100cm段。     

EPP填料曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级出水的中试研究

对韩国产EPP填料应用于曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理二级出水的效果及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明:利用该填料的BAF系统处理二级出水,CODCr平均去除率为49.1%,BOD5平均去除率为51.4%,NH 4-N平均去除率为76%,SS平均去除率为52.6%.系统稳定运行后,出水水质达到了城市杂用水水质控制指标.改变水力负荷和气水比对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N的去除效率都有影响,但对SS去除率影响不大.     

炉渣填料用于前置反硝化BAF处理生活污水的启动性能研究

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是在普通生物滤池的基础上,借鉴给水滤池工艺开发的污水处理新工艺。以炉渣为填料采用前置反硝化曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水,研究了前置反硝化曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的启动状况,考察了启动过程中COD、NH4+-N等主要污染物的去除情况。试验结果表明,在水力负荷为1.74m/h、回流比150%、气水比为3∶1的条件下,COD和NH4+-N分别在35d和45d内得到了有效地去除。其中,COD出水浓度降到30mg/L以下,去除率稳定在85%以上;NH4+-N出水浓度降到10mg/L以下,去除率稳定在65%以上。研究结果表明选用炉渣作填料的前置反硝化曝气生物滤池在相对较短的时间内启动效果良好。     

蚯蚓复合床渗滤系统去除污水中污染物的性能

设计了6个不同的装置,以添加蚯蚓的1*、2*、3*蚯蚓复合床装置为试验组,未添加蚯蚓的4*、5*、6*装置为对照组进行了55d的运行试验,试验期间水力负荷由0.5m·d-1升至1 m·d-1.试验结果显示,即使装置下部填料装填组合方式不同,添加蚯蚓的复合床渗滤系统出水COD基本维持在50mg·L-1以下,COD去除效果较好且保持稳定,受进水水质和水力负荷的影响较小.添加蚯蚓对系统的氨氮去除具有明显优势.但由于反硝化效果不好,TN去除率并不高.添加蚯蚓的系统对TP的去除没有明显优势,但保持良好的运行环境,有助于持续稳固的除磷.     

沸石床多级生物膜焦化废水处理系统的NH_~4+-N去除稳定性研究

焦化废水处理中预处理蒸氨工艺不稳定容易引起生物处理出水NH+4-N的波动,为了在有机物去除的同时提高生物系统对NH+4-N的去除效果和稳定性,采用对NH+4-N有良好吸附性能的天然斜发沸石为生物填料构建沸石床多级生物膜系统,考察了进水负荷对系统运行稳定性的影响、抗冲击负荷能力以及系统的功能分区和污染物迁移转化规律.结果表明,当系统进水NH+4-N负荷≤0.21 kg/(m3·d)、COD负荷≤1.35 kg/(m3·d)时,出水NH+4-N和COD的平均浓度分别为(2.2±1.2)mg/L和(228±60)mg/L,平均去除率分别达(99.1±0.5)%和(86.0±2.6)%.在低、高两次NH+4-N冲击负荷[0.03 kg/(m3·d)和0.06 kg/(m3·d)]条件下,系统对NH+4-N的平均去除率仍然分别高达99.0%和92.9%,高于对比系统的96.8%和89.3%,表现出良好的抗NH+4-N冲击负荷性能与处理稳定性.系统好氧单元反应器沿程出现脱碳/硝化功能区(C/N区)和硝化功能区(N区),其中N区的NH+4-N 降解速率为C/N区的2～8倍.系统进水中相对分子质量＜1×103、 1×103～1×104、＞1×104的TOC浓度分别为227.6、104.8和35.0 mg/L,处理出水中的TOC浓度分别为31.2、 22.9和31.5 mg/L,其中相对分子质量＜1×103和1×103～1×104这2个范围的有机物降解良好,出水残余物质主要为相对分子质量＞1×103的有机物.     

水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究

针对受污染的某水库水源水进行中试规模的生物陶粒滤池试验研究。试验结果表明,生物陶粒滤池预处理能全面净化水源水的水质。在气水比为0.75～1∶1,水力负荷为4～6 m3／(m2·h)条件下,对NH+₄－N,NO-₂－N和CODMn的去除率分别为89%～97.5%,97.5%～99％,20%～35%;对藻类的去除率为60.1%～84.3%。      

厌氧预酸化-间歇曝气生物膜系统的生物除磷性能

采用间歇曝气生物滤池与前置厌氧生物滤池组成的生物除磷系统处理生活污水.试验考察了水力负荷以及污染物(有机物、磷酸盐)负荷率对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,该系统可以有效去除污水中的有机物和磷酸盐.系统水力停留时间HRT为23.3～4.6 h, COD出水平均浓度68 mg/L,平均去除率73.6%;TP出水平均浓度0.59 mg/L,平均去除率85.2%.系统具有良好的适应水力负荷及污染物负荷率变化的能力,运行性能稳定.间歇曝气池采用不同于传统反冲洗的方法去除生物膜中富集的磷,使生物膜反应器在长期连续运行条件下保持良好的吸磷能力,从而延长其运行周期,减少其反冲洗频率.前置厌氧滤池对生活污水的预酸化处理,可以有效提高污水中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.