培养基种类和培养条件对白腐真菌生长和产酶特性的影响

以白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)为研究对象,比较了该菌种在人工合成培养基和天然培养基中的生长和产酶特性,考察了竹子浸出液,pH,载体和抗生素等对白腐真菌在天然培养基中生长和产酶特性的影响.结果表明,天然培养基中白腐真菌的生物量、菌丝小球直径和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)活性均大于人工培养基.以天然培养基为基础培养基,加入竹子浸出液可以促进白腐真菌的生长和提高木质素过氧化物酶活性;较低pH(4.5)条件下菌丝小球直径较小;载体的加入使得菌体以附着形式生长;抗生素两性霉素B对白腐真菌的生长和产酶的影响存在阈值,当ρ(两性霉素B)超过50　mg/L时,白腐真菌的生长和产酶受到明显的抑制.      

白腐真菌木质素降解酶的反应器发酵

为了获得更高的白腐真菌木质素降解酶的产量和相应的控制策略,应用5L搅拌罐生物反应器对氮限制下(C/N=56/2.2)P.chrysosporium产木质素降解酶进行了放大研究.结果表明,在分批发酵试验中,锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和漆酶(Lac)分别在培养第6d和第7d达到峰值,其酶活随时间的变化规律与摇瓶试验基本相同;而采用氮限制液体培养基进行补料没有获得更高的酶活,因此,可以得出采用发酵液体培养基作为补料液不利于白腐真菌持续产酶.另外,在分批发酵和分批补料发酵过程中,均发现体系pH值变化与白腐真菌生长和次生代谢产酶具有较好的相关性,当白腐真菌进入次生代谢阶段开始产酶时,体系pH值开始下降,随着发酵后期酶活的降低,pH值下降的幅度也逐渐变小,当体系酶活接近为0.0U/L时,pH值基本不再变化.因此,在实际发酵过程中,可以依据体系pH的变化间接了解白腐真菌的生长和产酶情况,而分批补料策略还有待于进一步研究.     

微量元素对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响

研究了氮源,铁、铜、锰等金属元素以及Tween 80等有机添加剂对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响。结果表明,氮源是黄孢原毛平革菌生长的必需元素,铜元素和锰元素对苯酚降解具有明显的促进作用,而铁元素的促进作用并不显著。各种微量元素的最佳浓度分别为:氮0.1 g/L、铁0.5 mmol/L、锰1.0 mmol/L、铜0.3 mmol/L、Tween 80 0.01 mmol/L。     

黄孢原毛平革菌在多种氨氮浓度下木质素降解酶的产生

在氨氮浓度0．0308-0．924g／L，下对黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)在空气环境中进行自由悬浮振荡培养，在氨氮浓度0．0308-0．308g／L下可检测到木质素过氧化物酶活性，最高酶活为42．8U/L；在氨氮浓度0．0308g／L和0．154g/L下可检测到漆酶活性，最高酶活为35．0U／L，在氨氮浓度不低于0．154g/L时，葡萄糖消耗速率大致相当，明显高于在氨氮浓度0．0308g／L下的葡萄糖消耗速率；氨氮在葡萄糖耗尽时达到最低值，然后开始增大；木质素过氧化物酶和漆酶的活性峰与葡萄糖和氨氮的最大消耗基本对应。实验结果对木质素降解酶发酵和白腐真菌在环境工程中的直接应用具有启发意义。     

木质素过氧化物酶降解四环素机理的研究

为探究过氧化物酶对四环素类抗生素的降解机理,以白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium表达的木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)粗酶为研究对象,研究其产酶条件及其降解四环素(TC)的机理。结果表明:低浓度Mn2+可促进产酶,碳源、氮源限制是产酶的重要条件;降解反应进行10min后,H2O2消耗至阈值0.045mmol/L,LiP对TC的降解停止,其降解率达到82%;TC降解反应趋于平衡时,补加TC和H2O2后,LiP依然可以高效发挥作用,其二次降解率达到65%;LiP作用于不同初始浓度(10mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L)TC,显示LiP对不同浓度TC均可有效降解,TC降解率分别为62%、80%、82%和90%;降解产物的抑菌性试验反映出降解产物较TC母体的抑菌性明显降低;LC/MS捕获到6种可能的降解产物E-TC、TP 461、E-TP 461、TP 477、TP 475和TP 445,并推测出LiP降解TC可能的降解途径。     

液体培养基中添加天然成分对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium生长的促进作用

通过试验发现,在液体培养基中添加木材、玉米芯、土豆浸出液,对于白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的产量提高有极大的促进作用.在外加碳源为10g/L葡萄糖的条件下,经过3d培养,添加浸出液的培养基的小球产量均能够达到80g/L以上,是未添加浸出液的基础培养基的小球产量的5倍.在外加碳源为5g/L葡萄糖时,添加了外源天然浸出液后,3d后小球产量均能达到69.5g/L以上,在未添加任何浸出液的基础培养基中,小球产量很低,并且在葡萄糖浓度1g/L～20g/L时,3d产量在12.5g/L～14.5g/L范围内.添加土豆浸出液的样品容易染菌,添加玉米芯浸出液的样品培养较长时间后容易发生小球膨胀,添加木材浸出液的培养基用于培养白腐真菌小球,产量高、耐其它微生物污染能力强,能在较长时期内保持良好的泥水分离能力,是较好的液体培养生长促进添加剂.木材、玉米芯、土豆浸出液相互混合有利于白腐真菌的生长.用添加木材浸出液的培养基培养白腐真菌,在不同浓度葡萄糖条件下,小球产量的差别在初期并不明显,随着培养时间增加,小球产量差别逐渐增大.木材浸出液对采用培养基培养菌丝小球的作用是刺激生长,并不是提供生长所需要的有机物.     

To enhance the reproduction of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by adding natural lixiviums in liquid medium

Great promotion to the reproduction of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporlum by adding natural lixiviums such as from wood, maize core and potato in liquid medium was found in this research. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 10 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet reaches more than 80 g/L, which is 5 times more than that of without natural lixiviums. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 5 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet can reach 69.5 g/L, while the production in the medium without natural lixiviums is very low. When the liquid medium contained 1-20 g/L glucose as carbon source, the production of myeelium pellet in 3 d can only reach 12.5 g/L to 14.5 g/L. The fungus in the medium with potato lixiviums are easily contaminated by other microorganisms and in the medium with maize core lixiviums are easily bulking, while in the medium with wood lixiviums are neither easily contaminated nor bulking. Medium with wood lixiviums can produce more pellet than other medium, endure contamination and keep better sedimentation capacity. So that, wood lixivium is borer additive to the culture of white rot fungi in liquid medium. Addition of the mixture of wood, maize core and potato lixiviums is of advantage to the productian of mycelium pellet. The difference of the production in the medium with different amount of wood lixiviums showed little in the first 3 d, while it esnanded after 3 d. Wood lixiviums stimulate the growth of P. chrysosporium instead of supply organies which fungi need.     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解磷酸三苯酯的性能和机理

以白腐真菌的中的黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）为实验菌种,考察不同环境条件因素对P.chrysosporium降解磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）的影响以及TPhP降解过程中菌体细胞特性的变化.结果表明,当孢子液的接种量为4%（V/V）,葡萄糖浓度为5g/L,pH值为5~6时,经过6d的处理P.chrysosporium对5mg/L TPhP的降解率可达到60%以上.菌体的细胞色素P450酶在TPhP的降解转化过程中发挥了重要的作用,抑制P450酶的活性会导致TPhP降解率下降.在降解反应的前期,为加快TPhP的代谢转化,菌体胞内蛋白含量以及ATP酶活性出现明显升高.在TPhP胁迫下,菌体SOD和CAT的活性随降解反应的进行呈现先升高后降低的趋势,2种抗氧化酶协同作用维持TPhP降解过程中菌体胞内的氧化还原平衡.     

白腐真菌培养条件对其分泌木质素降解酶的影响

应用摇瓶试验研究了不同白腐真菌培养条件对其产酶的影响.通过控制不同转速、投加载体等方式考察了白腐真菌的产酶情况.结果表明,在悬浮培养方式下,转速为160r/min时获得的锰过氧化物酶最高(481.6U/L),其酶活是静置、120r/min条件下培养的65倍和43倍;投加载体后,载体固定化培养获得的木质素过氧化物酶酶活是悬浮培养的71倍,载体投加量对其产酶影响很大,只有当载体处于非浸没状态时才有利于酶活产生,否则酶活极低.因此,选择载体固定化—非浸没—振荡培养方式培养白腐真菌可获得更高的产酶量和酶活.     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解磷酸三苯酯的性能和机理

以白腐真菌的中的黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）为实验菌种，考察不同环境条件因素对P.chrysosporium降解磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）的影响以及TPhP降解过程中菌体细胞特性的变化.结果表明，当孢子液的接种量为4%（V/V），葡萄糖浓度为5g/L，pH值为5~6时，经过6d的处理P.chrysosporium对5mg/L TPhP的降解率可达到60%以上.菌体的细胞色素P450酶在TPhP的降解转化过程中发挥了重要的作用，抑制P450酶的活性会导致TPhP降解率下降.在降解反应的前期，为加快TPhP的代谢转化，菌体胞内蛋白含量以及ATP酶活性出现明显升高.在TPhP胁迫下，菌体SOD和CAT的活性随降解反应的进行呈现先升高后降低的趋势，2种抗氧化酶协同作用维持TPhP降解过程中菌体胞内的氧化还原平衡.     

与黄孢原毛平革菌协同降解稻草的混合菌筛选

在纤维素筛选培养基中加入黄孢原毛平革菌稻草固态发酵的浸提液,用这种培养基从自然环境中筛选出与黄孢原毛平革菌相容的菌株,在PDA和MEA平板上进行相容性测试,选择出生长稳定,可以与黄孢原毛平革菌较好共存的6株真菌.考察了6株真菌分别与黄孢原毛平革菌混合培养降解稻草时的酶活和对木质纤维素类组分的降解,筛选出3组更优的组合,其混合培养时,对于纤维素酶能产生较好的协同效果,纤维素降解效果较好.对于木质素降解效率的显著提高,可能是由于发酵体系内的胞外酶和一些活性因子的作用.     

染料浓度和盐度对白腐真菌同工酶的电泳分析

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析,并比较了染料废水的两大因子(染料浓度和盐度)对黄孢原毛平革菌过氧化物同工酶谱带的影响程度,结果表明:在染料或盐胁迫下,黄孢原毛平革菌均表现出应急产酶的响应,虽然过氧化物同工酶谱带数量未发生增加或减少,但谱带强度受到较大影响,活性艳红X-3B浓度≤200mg/L或NaCl浓度≤15g/L时均能诱导过量产酶,继续提高染料浓度或盐度将导致产酶抑制,染料浓度对酶带的影响作用高于盐度。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation and extracellular enzyme secretion in agitated and stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The extracellular enzyme secretion and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in agitated and shallow stationary liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Veratryl alcohol and Tween80 were added to cultures as lignin peroxidase (LIP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) inducer, respectively. Shallow stationary cultures were suitable for the production of enzyme, whereas agitated cultures enhanced overall biodegradation by facilitating interphase mass transfer of PAHs into aqueous phases. The use of a LIP stimulator, veratryl alcohol, did not increase PAH degradation but significantly enhanced LiP activity. In contrast, Tween80 increased both MnP secretion and PAH degradation in shallow stationary cultures. On the other hand, high PAH degradation was observed in agitated cultures in the absence of detectable LIP and MnP activities. The results suggested that extracellular peroxidase activities are not directly related to the PAH degradation, and the increased solubility rather than enzyme activity may be more important in the promotion of PAH degradation.     

Biosorption of lead by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the form of pellets

The growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium(ATCC 24725) in pellets was influenced by culture time,medium pH,C/N,surfactant concentration,spore number in inoculum,and shaking rate.The removal of Pb^2 from aqueous solution by this kind of mycelial pellets was studied.The results indicated that many factors affected biosorption.These factors included pH,Pb^2 concentration,co-ion,adsorption time, and chemical pretreatments of biomass.Under optimum biosorption conditions(pH4.5,27℃,16h),the highest lead uptake of 108 mg/g,was observed with mycelial pellets of 1.5-1.7 mm in diameter which were treated with 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution before adsorption.Pretreatment of biomass with NaOH further increased its biosorption capacity.     

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited (C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L) medium. Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted. The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture (24 h after the inoculation) simulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures without glucose feeding. Furthermore, the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated. Compared to cultures with glucose feeding every 48 h, cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L (final concentration) every 24 h produced more enzymes. The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture, respectively, and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2007, 27(3): 363–368 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

聚丙烯酰胺生物降解研究

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌对聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的生物降解,从葡萄糖的加入量、pH、N浓度、Mn²⁺浓度和降解时间5个方面考察了对PAM降解的影响.结果表明,黄孢原毛平革菌对聚丙烯酰胺具有特殊的酶催化降解的能力,降解率可达50%,限氮条件(NH₄⁺=0.2g/L)和Mn2+浓度(Mn²⁺=0.017 5g/L)是菌株产聚丙烯酰胺降解酶的最佳条件.     

Effects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air

The production of ligninolytic enzymes and protease by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under different culture conditions. Different amounts of medium were employed in free and immobilized culture, together with two kinds of medium with different C/N ratios. Little lignin peroxidase （LIP） （〈 2 U/L） was detected in free culture with nitrogen-limited medium （C/N ratio： 56/2.2, in mmol/L）, while manganese peroxidase （MnP） maximum activity was 231 and 240 U/L in 50 and 100 ml medium culture, respectively. Immobilized culture with 50 ml nitrogen-limited medium gave the highest MnP and LiP production with the maximum values of 410 and 721 U/L separately on the day 5; however, flasks containing 100 ml nitrogen-limited medium only produced less MnP with a peak value of 290 U/L. Comparatively, carbon-limited medium （C/N ratio： 28/44, in mmol/L） was adopted in culture but produced little MnP and LiE Medium type had the greatest impact on protease production. Large amount of protease was produced due to glucose limitation. Culture type and medium volume influence protease activity corporately by affecting oxygen supply. The results implied shallow immobilized culture was a possible way to gain high production of ligninolytic enzymes.     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemicals. They represent an important concern due to their widespread distribution in the environment, their resistance to biodegradation, their potential to bioaccumulate and their harmful effects. Several pilot treatments have been implemented to prevent economic consequences and deterioration of soil and water quality. As a promising option, fungal enzymes are regarded as a powerful choice for degradation of PAHs. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Bjerkandera adusta are most commonly used for the degradation of such compounds due to their production of ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. The rate of biodegradation depends on many culture conditions, such as temperature, oxygen, accessibility of nutrients and agitated or shallow culture. Moreover, the addition of biosurfactants can strongly modify the enzyme activity. The removal of PAHs is dependent on the ionization potential. The study of the kinetics is not completely comprehended, and it becomes morem hallenging when fungi are applied for bioremediation. Degradation studies in soil are much more complicated than liquid cultures because of the heterogeneity of soil, thus, many factors should be considered when studying soil bioremediation, such as desorption and bioavailability of PAHs. Different degradation pathways can be suggested. The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes having common catalytic cycles. One molecule of hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the resting enzyme withdrawing two electrons. Subsequently, the peroxidase is reduced back in two steps of one electron oxidation. Laccases are copper-containing oxidases. They reduce molecular oxygen to water and oxidize phenolic compounds.     

白腐真菌F2的生长及产木质素降解酶特性的研究

考察了从我国生物资源中筛分出的白腐真菌F2的生长特性,采用多因素试验法研究了F2菌产木质素降解酶的特性;用统计学方法对试验数据进行了误差分析,并分析了多种影响因素对F2菌产木质素降解酶的影响.实验结果表明:F2菌在PDA培养基平板上和Tien＆Kirk培养基中都生长良好且生长速率较高;在自由悬浮振荡培养(不通氧气)条件下,F2菌产LiP的最高酶活可达60 5U·L-1,MnP的最高酶活可达263 4U·L-1,其产酶能力超过了黄孢原毛平革菌在自由悬浮振荡培养(不另外通入氧气)条件下的产酶能力.本研究还发现向培养基中添加的Cu2+浓度超过1μmol·L-1时会抑制F2菌产LiP,以往的文献未报道过Cu2+的这种抑制作用.     

黄孢原毛平革菌吸附铅离子机理的研究

通过电子显微镜观察和X-射线光电子能谱测定等分析手段研究了黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对Pb^2 生物吸附的机理。实验结果表明，该菌种对Pb^2 的吸附过程是一个以表面络合反应为主要机理的物理化学吸附过程，同时也存在着离子交换机理，但它并非主要机理。