同沙水库雨水径流污染控制工程方案研究

为了尽快恢复作为备用水源的同沙水库的水质,防止初期雨水径流污染。根据流域面积、用地性质、降雨量,结合相关研究成果,对雨水径流的水量水质进行估算,从而确定雨水径流污染控制工程的处理规模;根据工程用地情况,提出雨水径流污染的拦截、分流、调蓄、处理的技术方案,设计出水水质达到地表IV类水体。为治理同沙水库雨水径流污染提供工程方案。     

铀矿区周边水体典型核素污染特征及风险评价

为研究铀矿区周边水体中典型放射性核素分布特征及其潜在的健康风险,对该地区周边浅层地下水及河水中放射性活度浓度进行分析测定.运用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对放射性污染及不同年龄段人群健康风险进行评估.结果表明,地下水与河水中放射性核素²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th活度浓度（地下水：0.012~0.102,0.013~0.036,0.002~0.033Bq/L,河水：0.001~0.066,0.013~0.034,0.001~0.013Bq/L）均未超过WHO饮用水水质准则规定的标准限值,但远远高于江西省水体背景值.河水中各核素活度浓度随水流流向呈递减趋势,地下水中各核素空间分布无明显规律性特征.河水中综合污染指数高于地下水,最高值分别为9.21和6.83,属严重污染和中度污染.健康风险评价结果表明,幼儿和少儿致癌风险要高于成人,幼儿终身致癌风险均超过ICRP最大可接受风险值5.0×10^-5,少儿和成年超标率为33.3%和16.7%,即使未超标但也高于USEPA推荐可忽略风险水平10^-6,具有潜在致癌风险.各核素致癌风险水平呈现为²²⁶Ra > ²³²Th > ²³⁸U,因而对于铀矿区周边饮用水中²²⁶Ra和²³²Th要更加重视研究.     

超滤-反渗透集成膜技术再生洗浴废水的研究

洗浴废水是轻度污染的废水,具有较高的回用价值。文章采用超滤-反渗透技术,利用超滤作为反渗透的预处理技术,超滤-反渗透集成膜技术回用洗浴废水。讨论了操作条件分别对超滤和反渗透出水的浊度、细菌总数、COD和膜通量的影响。实验证明了超滤-反渗透集成膜技术回用洗浴废水的出水水质浊度小于3度,细菌总数小于100个/mL,COD小于10mg/L,出水水质指标达到了《生活饮用水卫生标准》,可直接进行回用。     

水处理超滤系统经济技术分析研究

水源的污染和饮用水水质标准的提高促进了饮用水深度净化技术的发展.作为饮用水深度净化的主要工艺之一,超滤膜技术在应用中需要进一步解决成本核算的问题.超滤系统的经济技术分析与原水水质紧密相关,因为不同原水水质对膜的污染程度不同,渗透通量不同,从而导致成本不同.本章从超滤膜过滤成本模型出发,结合污水深度处理的实践,进行了超滤系统的成本估算.从超滤膜过滤成本模型出发,结合污水深度处理的实践,进行了超滤系统的成本估算.     

微污染水源水处理技术的研究探讨

微污染水源水的基本特征是含有少量的有机物且水质受到了氨氮污染.此种水源水使用常规工艺进行处理效果往往难以令人满意,处理后的水质很多情况下达不到国家制定的饮用水标准.本文在对我国目前的微污染水源水质现状进行分析的基础上,对目前使用的各种微污染水源水处理技术进行了研究和探讨,希望为微污染水源水处理工作更好的进行提供一定的帮助.     

铀矿区附近牛对放射性核素环境转移的指示

对武夷火山岩铀成矿带的570和6722矿附近生长的牛的肝、肺、肌肉和骨骼等组织中的放射性核素以及牛生长区的土壤、饮用水、牧草等样品的放射性强度进行了测定.结果表明,两矿区土壤的放射性平均强度相当,具有近似放射性地质本底条件,而570矿区的饮用水以及生长在该区的牛的组织中放射性核素的含量比6722矿区的高.²²⁶Ra和²¹⁰Pb在肝、肺等组织中明显富集.在铀矿床的勘探开采过程中,核素主要通过氡气和核素含量高的粉尘,通过风介质在空气中扩散迁移而导致周围形成辐射污染;放射性核素溶解在矿坑废水或被雨水冲刷淋滤,通过径流扩散而形成辐射污染.     

秦皇岛市地表饮用水源地安全保障体系的构建研究

饮用水水源地作为城市饮用水的源头,是城市饮用水安全保障的基础。水源地安全保障包括基于水源地安全状况的饮用水水源地的安全评价方法、基于水源地污染源削减和水质保护的饮用水水源地安全保护区划分方法、基于饮用水水源地突发污染事故处理的污染应急响应机制的建立。本文以秦皇岛市地表水饮用水源地为例,初步构建了饮用水水源地安全保障体系,可为相关管理部门进行饮用水水源地管理提供借鉴。     

徐庄煤矿高矿化度矿井水深度处理的应用研究

通过对徐庄煤矿矿井水水质的分析,阐述了高矿化度矿井水的处理方法,并最终确定了以反渗透工艺为主的深度处理工艺及相关设计参数。矿井水经深度处理后出水水质达到生活饮用水卫生标准。     

聚醚废水的处理

聚醚多元醇产品生产过程中排放的高浓度有机废水,对水体造成严重污染,采用厌氧生物滤池与O/A/O接触氧化法相结合的处理工艺,运行稳定,处理效果好,出水水质达到天津市污水三级排放标准.     

生态塘应用于污水深度处理的技术现状及前景展望

传统的生态塘直接作为二级处理单元用于处理污水,处理后的污水直接排入自然水体,容易引起自然水体的恶化.所以为了弥补城市二级出水与自然水体间的水质差距,研究将生态塘用于污水深度处理,形成一个景观水体型生态屏障.在此就生态塘处理技术的应用现状和技术现状等方面作简单综述,并指出了景观水体型生态屏障的发展前景.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.