炼焦过程中单环芳烃排放及源特征

通过不锈钢采样罐采样和液氮预浓缩/气相色谱/质谱系统分析,研究我国山西某地的土法炼焦和机械炼焦生产过程中单环芳烃(MAHs)的排放情况.炼焦过程MAHs以苯、甲苯、(间+对)-二甲苯为主要成分,苯和总MAHs浓度在土法炼焦烟气中最高达3421.0μg/m3和4865.9μg/m³,在机械炼焦无组织排放气体和烟气中分别为548.7μg/m³、1054.8μg/m³和1376.4μg/m³、1819.4μg/m³.焦炭生产过程中MAHs浓度变化显著:土法炼焦过程MAHs前期释放浓度高于后期;机械炼焦无组织排放MAHs在装煤和出焦时明显升高;而机械炼焦烟气中则是装煤时最高,出焦时最低.苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)散点图和相关性分析显示机械炼焦释放MAHs主要来自煤的高温分解,而土法炼焦中MAHs释放则可能除焦煤不完全燃烧释放外还受别的因素影响.苯/甲苯/乙苯/二甲苯比值(B/T/E/X)特别是苯/乙苯(B/E)值显示炼焦释放的MAHs具有不同于其它来源的特征.     

污水处理厂芳香烃和氯代烃逸散速率研究

以哈尔滨某城市污水处理厂中的芳香烃(苯,甲苯,二甲苯)和氯代烃(三氯甲烷,四氯化碳三氯乙烯,四氯乙烯)为研究对象,应用不同的数学模型计算了在不同季节条件下其在格栅、初沉池、生化池(厌氧段和曝气段)、二沉池处理单元中的逸散速率.结果表明,芳香烃和氯代烃在生化池逸散速率最高,苯和三氯乙烯的逸散速率分别为1.92~5.22g/s和16.94~18.8g/s.芳香烃逸散速率不符合《大气污染物综合排放标准(GB16297-1996)》.芳香烃的逸散速率在生化池中下降很快,而氯代烃的逸散速率比较稳定.芳香烃和氯代烃在格栅的逸散速率最低,二甲苯和三氯甲烷的逸散速率分别为12.94×10-6~17.24×10-6g/s和1.88×10-6~2.58×10-6g/s.在沉淀池中,芳香烃和氯代烃春季逸散速率平均为夏季的1.7倍.春季二沉池苯、甲苯和二甲苯的逸散速率分别为初沉池的59.2%,53.3%和4.5%;而二沉池氯代烃逸散速率增加了13%.     

Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in eight mollusc species along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India

Eight mollusc species and sediment samples collected from three different stations along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India were analysed for the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons to elucidate the status of the petroleum residues in mollusc meant for human consumption. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments along Tamilnadu coast varied from 5.04–25.5 g/g dw (dry weight). High concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment of Uppanar estuary (25.5 1.45 g/g dw) was perhaps land and marine based anthropogenic sources of this region. The petroleum hydrocarbon residues in eight mollusc species collected from Uppanar, Vellar and Coleroon estuaries varied between 2.44–6.04 g/g ww (wet weight). Although the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment of the Uppanar region was markedly higher than the background, the petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mollusc collected from Uppanar estuary did not suggest bioaccumulation. The results signified that industrial growth has affected the aquatic environments and regular monitoring will help to adopt stringent pollution control measures for better management of the aquatic region.     

大学校园室内BTEX浓度水平变化规律及健康风险

采用Tenax-TA吸附/热脱附-气相色谱法(TD-GC)对大学校园室内外空气中5种苯系物(BTEX,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯和邻二甲苯)的平均浓度进行了检测。检测结果显示,5种苯系物的平均浓度均低于国家标准值。被测空气的苯系物中甲苯所占比例最大,为27.9%～32.0%。室内BTEX浓度稍高于室外,多数采样点的室内浓度与室外浓度比值(CI/CO)大于1.0。通风可有效降低空气中苯系物浓度。大学校园室内空气中的苯对学生的致癌风险为3.67×10-7～1.09×10-6。     

冬季APEC峰会前后室内外VOCs相关性分析

为研究冬季VOCs类物质的室内外相关性,于2014年11月5日~12月11日对一间无人为活动的房间的空气进行了室内外同步采样,定量分析了98种VOCs物质,并将其分为烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧烃五类,分别讨论了VOCs的浓度水平、I/O、室内外相关系数和分类间的相关系数,并利用质量平衡模型初步估计了室外源对室内VOCs的贡献情况.研究表明,五类VOCs的室内浓度均大于室外浓度,且烷烃>含氧烃>卤代烃>烯烃;五类VOCs均同时存在室内源和室外源;对于VOCs的室内外相关性,烯烃和含氧烃分别为相关性最差和最好的组分,同时,r(卤代烃)>r(烷烃)>r(芳香烃);对于物质间的相关性,烷烃-烯烃的相关性在室内外均最高(rin=0.805,rout=0.888,P￡0.01),卤代烃-含氧烃之间的相关性最差(rin=0.491,P￡0.05;rout=0.529,P￡0.01);室外源对室内浓度的贡献率与VOCs的种类相关,贡献率均值最高的是卤代烃类(56.57%),之后依次是烷烃(46.64%)、烯烃(40.10%)、含氧烃(33.98%)和芳香烃(20.67%).此外,APEC峰会后VOCs的浓度水平、I/O、室内外相关性以及物质间的相关性均高于峰会前的对应值.     

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Chinese and Japanese residential air

Comparative studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in residential air of Hangzhou (China) and Shizuoka (Japan) were conducted in summer (August, 2006) and winter (January, 2007). Total concentrations of 8 PAHs ranged from 7.1 to 320 ng/m³ and 0.15 to 35 ng/m³ in residential air of Hangzhou and Shizuoka, respectively. Air PAH concentrations in smoking houses were higher than that in nonsmoking houses. In nonsmoking houses, mothball emission and cooking practice were the emission sources of 2- and 3-ring PAHs in Hangzhou, respectively. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were from use of insect repellent, kerosene heating and outdoor environment in nonsmoking houses in Shizuoka. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs in residential air were mainly from outdoor environment in both cities. Toxicity potencies of PAHs in residential air of Hangzhou were much higher than that in Shizuoka.     

北京某区域儿童夏季PM2.5的污染特征及分析

近年来,随着社会和经济的不断发展,人们对室内外空气质量的重视程度也不断提高。室内外空气质量尤其是细颗粒物污染与人群健康密切相关。北京市大气细颗粒物污染形势十分严峻,因此,相关研究也成为国内外研究的热点和难点问题。本文对北京市某区域年龄在9～11岁之间的38名健康儿童人群活动场所夏季PM2.5的污染特征作了研究评价。结果表明,运用室内外环境监测与问卷调查法相结合的研究方法,儿童人员夏季PM2.5室内外浓度呈现明显的时间、空间变化特征,并受到气象因素及室内外源排放的共同影响。     

北京市道路空气中挥发性有机物时空分布规律

为研究城市交通道路空气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的污染状况、变化规律和不同道路类型的浓度特点,于2008年5月—2009年7月对北京市3种典型道路(街道峡谷、交叉道路和开阔道路)进行空气质量监测. 采用气相色谱法测定道路空气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)、苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度. 结果表明:北京市道路空气中挥发性有机化合物污染比较严重,其中ρ(NMHCs)日均值为1.0～3.3 mg/m3,ρ(苯系物)日均值为8.8～80.0 μg/m3. 污染物浓度日变化多呈现双峰型. 选取1,4,7和10月为不同季节的代表月份,7月的ρ(NMHCs)和ρ(苯系物)均最高,10月最低. 3种典型道路中,街道峡谷的污染物质量浓度高于另外2种道路. 道路附近的挥发性有机物质量浓度主要受到机动车排放、气象条件和地形条件等的影响.      

我国北方典型城市大气中VOCs的组成及分布特征

从2008年4月到2009年1月,利用前级浓缩-气相色谱/质谱法,对天津市和沈阳市大气中的挥发性有机物及浓度变化进行了采样研究.共监测了108种VOCs,包括卤代烷烃39种、苯系物16种、烯烃12种、烷烃30种、醛酯11种,在天津市检测到挥发性有机污染物中,醛酯56.9%,卤代烷烃13.4%,烷烃13.1%,苯系物12.9%,烯烃2.5%,卤代烯烃1.1%.沈阳市醛酯49.3%,卤代烷烃17.8%,烷烃11.8%,苯系物10.3%,卤代烯烃7.8%,烯烃2.9%.2市VOCs的含量季节变化都是春秋季节大于冬夏季节,在不同季节不同点位的VOCs的总量的变化趋势几乎一致,并且分析了天津市和沈阳市苯系物和卤代烃的的主要组成成分以及主要来源,苯系物的主要成分包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯,苯系物的主要来源是汽车尾气,卤代烷烃的主要成分是二氯甲烷和氯乙烯,主要来自于汽车尾气和石油化工.     

居室玻璃表面有机质与多环芳烃分布规律研究

为探讨广州和香港市区玻璃表面薄膜上有机质和PAHs的分布特征,从2007年12月至2008年1月,利用低尘擦拭纸采集广州和香港室内外相对应的15对玻璃表面薄膜样品.结果表明,广州室内外有机质占表面薄膜重量的1.8%和1.1%,香港则分别为3.9%和1.6%.玻璃表面薄膜上Σ15PAHs浓度的最高值达到1430ng/m2,以菲,芴,荧蒽,芘等为主.室内外对比结果显示,主要以颗粒态形式存在的5~6环化合物室内外差别较大,广州室外比室内大约高1倍,而香港由于中央通风系统的过滤作用,其室外比室内高约5~10倍.根据有机质和PAHs浓度之间的相关性,认为室内外存在不同源强的有机质和PAHs来源,玻璃表面可能更有利于PAHs的光降解.     

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

北京市BTEX的污染现状及变化规律分析

2008年10～2009年10月,利用前级浓缩-气相色谱/质谱法,对北京市大气中5种苯系物BTEX（苯、甲苯、乙苯、间、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯）的组成及浓度变化进行了采样分析研究.结果表明,北京市大气BTEX平均浓度为13.9～44.0μg.cm-3,其中甲苯的含量最高,苯次之,邻二甲苯含量最低,与国外城市和地区相比北京大气中BTEX浓度较低,研究发现北京市BTEX主要来自机动车排放,城市燃煤和工业溶剂挥发也是BTEX的重要来源.一年的观测结果表明,BTEX春、夏季节浓度较高,秋季浓度较低,季节性排放源的变化是BTEX季节变化的主要原因,同时也不能忽视温度和大风等天气因素对BTEX浓度的影响.受交通排放和边界层高度的影响,BTEX类化合物的日变化形式为夜晚高于白天,呈双峰形,日最低浓度出现在14：00前后.     

田湾核电站室内氯离子来源解析

根据2005~2006年江苏田湾核电站大气吸收液(AAS)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中氯离子的一年数据,分析了室内外大气各种形态氯离子的分布特点及变化规律,并对过滤器性能进行了初步评价.结果表明:该站大气氯离子浓度大小依次为:室外吸收液>室内吸收液>室外TSP>室内TSP,年均值分别为28.12,19.20,4.22,0.11μg/m3.现有过滤器可以有效过滤室外总悬浮颗粒物,但对室外气体中氯离子的过滤效率仅为32%.相关性分析表明,室内外吸收液中氯离子浓度显著相关,相关性系数为0.859.因此,室内大气氯离子主要来源室外气态或微小气溶胶.     

北京市某家具城室内空气污染水平与特征

为了解家具城室内空气污染状况,于2009年夏采样测定了北京市某家具城多个展区空气中苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、甲醛等羰基化合物的浓度.家具城室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC的总体浓度(均值±标准差)分别为:(0.37±0.08)、(0.04±0.03)、(0.19±0.16)、(0.47±0.57)和(2.76±2.18)mg/m3;甲醛、二甲苯、TVOC的室内浓度分别为室外浓度的22、46和34倍.甲醛、二甲苯、TVOC的平均浓度均超过《室内空气质量标准》所规定的标准值,甲醛、TVOC最高浓度分别是标准值的5.1倍和14.8倍.家具城内羰基化合物总浓度为(689.3±94.8)μg/m3,超过室外浓度5倍,其中甲醛和乙醛的浓度最高,二者浓度之和占羰基化合物总浓度的75%以上;丙酮、4碳羰基化合物(异丁烯醛、甲乙酮、正丁醛)和己醛的浓度也较高.总之,家具城存在严重的室内空气污染.     

广州市宾馆室内空气中苯系物来源及健康风险初步评估

选择广州市20家不同星级的宾馆,用不锈钢采样罐采集客房空气样品,并用预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用系统检测.宾馆客房空气中8种苯系物的总浓度平均值为273.1μg/m3,范围为2.3~1058μg/m3.苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯平均值分别为22.9,151.6,46.4和60.5μg/m3.苯平均值变动范围为0.7~72.2μg/m3,均低于我国室内空气质量标准GB/T 18883-2002的限值,但初步计算表明苯暴露对宾馆工作人员和经常入住人群的致癌风险超过1′10-6.甲苯平均浓度范围为1.4~841μg/m3,按我国空气质量标准超标率为24%.宾馆苯系物浓度与星级和装修时间没有显著相关性,一些最近期装修的宾馆可能因采用环保装修材料,苯系物浓度反而相对较低.苯系物浓度最高的数个宾馆装修时间2~5a,其苯与甲苯浓度比值(B/T)都比较低,苯系物来源以室内释放为主.虽然因通风原因宾馆客房苯系物浓度受所处地段室外空气质量影响,但我们的研究表明降低宾馆客房内苯系物水平的最关键因素是采用环保的室内装修材料和产品.     

污水处理过程中苯系物和氯代烃三相分布规律

为研究污水处理过程中曝气对苯系物中苯、甲苯和二甲苯以及氯代烃中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯去除的影响,设计了2个反应器,模拟污水处理过程,一个为活性污泥反应器,另一个为没有活性污泥的对照反应器.结果表明,在液相中,30.6%的TOC未经微生物降解而直接因曝气逸散到气相.苯系物的逸散比例达到了100%;三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的逸散比例分别为27.5%、39.0%、42.4%和38.5%.同时利用密闭水箱研究了生物处理单元中苯系物和氯代烃三相分布规律.在厌氧阶段,固相中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯占总量比例分别为38.7%、43.6%、38.0%、28.8%、24.3%、15.3%和20.5%.在曝气阶段,苯系物全部被去除,氯代烃总量略有下降.二沉池阶段,固相中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯占总质量的比例分别为5.2%、20.1%、6.8%和0%.      

患心血管病老年人夏季PM2.5和CO的暴露特征及评价

运用室内外环境监测与问卷调查法相结合的研究方法,对北京市某社区33名患心血管疾病的老年人夏季PM2.5、CO的暴露特征作了研究评价.结果表明,老年人夏季PM2.5、CO的24h个体平均暴露浓度分别为89.6μg/m3,1.9×10-6.PM2.5室内外浓度呈现明显的时间变化特征,并受到气象因素及室内外源排放的共同影响.对老年人群室内外与固定站点CO、PM2.5质量浓度变化的相关性分析显示,室外及固定站点的PM2.5浓度受区域污染源影响较大,CO浓度受局地源影响较大;大气PM2.5可能是影响该社区老年人健康的主要污染物.     

长沙市环境空气中BTEX的污染特征及健康风险

BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等)是对空气质量和人体健康具有重要影响的挥发性有机物.为研究长沙市城市大气BTEX污染特征,选择2个典型城市站点(采样点S和W)于2017年8月进行了连续采样分析.结果显示:2个采样点BTEX平均浓度分别为(9.84±5.44),(6.35±4.68)μg/m3;其中间/对-二甲苯是占比...     

餐饮源油烟中PM2.5的化学组分特征

集中分析了餐饮无组织排放源(街边小吃、火锅店、露天烧烤)及有组织排放源(10家大中型餐馆)油烟PM_2.5中的TC(总碳)、元素组分、离子组分和16种PAHs,得到了各类餐饮源油烟PM_2.5的化学组成特征,建立了餐饮源油烟化学成分谱. 结果表明:各餐饮源油烟的ρ(PM_2.5)是大气背景值的3~42倍,其中露天烧烤油烟的ρ(PM_2.5)最高,达5 659.8 μg/m3. 不同餐饮源油烟的PM_2.5中各化学组分均为w(TC)(38.1%~75.8%)＞w(元素组分)(4.5%~27.0%)＞w(离子组分)(2.7%~22.6%),并且ρ(PM_2.5)与w(TC)呈显著正相关(R=0.84). 菲(PHE)、芘(PYR)、荧蒽(FLT)的质量分数在各类餐饮源油烟的PAHs中均普遍较高,分别为13.8%~21.6%、9.2%~26.5%、6.9%~22.0%.大中型餐馆油烟的PAHs中苯并苝(BPE)的质量分数最高(27.5%),而在其他餐饮源中均小于6.7%;(CHR)的质量分数最低(3.3%),而在其他餐饮源中均大于5.3%. 露天烧烤油烟的PAHs中芘、荧蒽的质量分数分别是其他餐饮源的2.7和2.3倍以上;萘(NAP)的质量分数(0.3%)较小,但在其他餐饮源中均大于11.4%,可以作为特定餐饮源油烟的特征物种.      

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.