复垦铅锌矿尾砂库的植被恢复和基质演变

为探讨铅锌矿尾砂库经植物原位修复的生态恢复效果,以广西阳朔铅锌矿尾砂库综合治理示范工程为研究对象,连续3年(2018—2020)对实地观测植被恢复情况、新增植物生长情况及复垦铅锌矿库区尾砂重金属含量、土壤酶活性及理化性质的观测与测定。结果表明:尾砂库经人工种植的芒(Miscanthus sinensis)和三裂叶葛藤(Pueraria phaseoloides)2种耐性植物对尾砂中重金属存在植物稳定作用;库区植被新增物种逐年升高,且以豆科和菊科植物为主;尾砂的过氧化氢酶、脲酶与磷酸酶活性先增后减,蔗糖酶活性显著性增加;尾砂的肥力和保肥能力均有所提高,其中尾砂的总氮含量从1.14 g/kg增加到2.19 g/kg,有机碳含量从9.50 g/kg增加到21.01 g/kg。由此表明,在相似自然条件的矿山废弃地生态修复中,可考虑从葛属和蒿属的植物中筛选目标植物;植被恢复会加快尾砂库库区植物群落的次生演替;铅锌矿尾砂库经人工植被恢复能加快尾砂基质的演变,使生态系统实现自行恢复并达到良性循环。     

一体化药剂对植物修复重金属尾砂库的效应研究

通过对比试验,考察重金属稳定增肥一体化药剂对矿区剩余尾砂治理的应用效果,探讨其对景观苗木生长以及尾砂重金属有效形态的影响,以修复重金属尾砂库。结果表明:种植植物半年后,木芙蓉、金叶女贞、紫薇等优势植物在尾砂上生长良好;重金属稳定增肥一体化药剂能够显著提高植物的成活率,促进植物生长。添加药剂对植物吸收重金属的影响与植物品种本身耐受性和植物生长情况有很大关联,植物所处的季节及生长时期不同,植物吸收积累的重金属含量也有所不同;矿区添加重金属稳定增肥一体化药剂进行植被恢复可以有效控制重金属的淋洗,同时可以降低重金属的有效态含量,使重金属的活性降低,有效修复重金属尾矿库。     

金昌镍铜矿区植物的重金属含量特征与先锋植物筛选

论文研究了西北荒漠的金昌镍铜矿区植物重金属特征, 并初步筛选了植被重建的可用物种 资源。该次调查共记录了32 种高等植物, 分属30 属14 科, 调查区域的物种数为: 露天矿(20 种)>新 尾砂库坝(13 种)>露天矿周边(8 种)>老尾砂库坝(6 种)>老尾砂库(5 种)。优势物种主要为: 砂蓝刺头、 中亚紫菀木、弯茎还羊参、乳苣、芦苇、针茅属、骆驼蓬、泡泡刺、角果藜。砂蓝刺头、弯茎还羊参、乳 苣、芦苇和密叶锦鸡儿适宜作荒漠矿区植被重建的先锋植物, 而种植针茅属和角果藜可用于西北荒 漠的矿区土地重金属污染治理。矿区植物的地上部平均Cu 含量最高, 为52.9mg/kg。植物地上部Ni 含量为5.1～155.6mg/kg, 平均含量为39.1mg/kg。角果藜地上部Ni 和Cu 含量是所有植物中最高 的, 分别为155.6 和239.0mg/kg。回归分析发现, Ni 与Cu 密切相关, Cu 含量越高, Ni 的富集和累积 Ni 量也越高。     

城市生活垃圾堆放场植被恢复技术初探

本文为城市生活垃圾扶班场植被恢复的基本研究成果之一。作者着重进行了垃圾样品肥效的研究，重金属元素分析用花卉盆栽试验等。试验结果表明：城市生活坪圾在一宁条件下可成为良好有机肥料，适当处理能提高肥效，适地植物生长。垃圾堆放场的植被恢复在实践上要行，可以提供再生土地浆，是符合上前国情的一种方法。     

金属矿复垦中的污染防治与生态复垦设计探讨——以广东云安县高枨铅锌矿为例

矿区土地生态复垦与重建是保护环境、减少矿产开采对周围生态环境破坏与污染的重要途径。金属矿废弃地的重金属污染和植物生长条件的严重劣化导致了矿区废弃地植被恢复和生态重建的效率低下、速度十分缓慢。因此,有效治理重金属污染并选择适宜的恢复植被品种是进行金属矿山废弃地植被重建和生态恢复的关键。文章以广东高枨铅锌矿复垦方案为例,在分析预测矿区土地破坏与污染状况的基础上,结合项目区地形地貌等特点,提出了尾矿库和废石场污染的三阶段防治措施:(1)化学钝化措施;(2)工程阻隔措施;(3)植被生长层建立或生态恢复的生物措施。根据当地气候条件及土壤特点,对适宜的植物品种进行了严格的筛选和组配,提出了尾矿库和废石场生态复垦规划设计方案以重建人工生态系统。     

不同植物物种及其组合对铅锌尾矿库修复效果研究

通过田间试验,采用生物有机肥为改良剂,设置8个处理分别为:对照、白三叶、金鸡菊、百喜草、月季、毛杜鹃、桂花+百喜草、湿地松+毛杜鹃+白三叶,研究不同耐性植物及其组合对植被恢复的影响,及植被恢复后尾砂自身性质的变化。结果表明:种植植物半年后,各小区的优势植物大都以禾本科草本植物为主,除对照处理外,植被覆盖度均大于90%,植物种类达14种,且桂花+百喜草处理、湿地松+毛杜鹃+白三叶处理,物种较单一种植高;狗牙根、白三叶、金鸡菊、百喜草、鬼针草均可作为矿区植被恢复的先锋草种,毛杜鹃可作为矿区植被恢复的先锋灌木;矿区植被恢复可以有效控制重金属的淋洗;同时,可以降低重金属的有效态含量,使重金属的活性降低,有效修复重金属尾矿库。     

土壤污染及其防治

并可加速植被恢复演替的自然进行。2.在尾矿砂复土前铺设一层农膜,可以起到一定的保水保肥作用,有利于农作物的种植。3,在尾矿库复土后种植杜仲、花生、早稻,可按照一般的栽种技术和田间管理,投入较少,生态经济效益较好。4.未复土尾砂库上种植先锋草本植物,可以搭配种植先锋灌木植物如沙棘、胡枝子、黄檀等。5.尾砂库废弃土地生态恢复,可按银杏一花生、柿子一油菜等传统农业种植模式进行开发利用。表5参3X53 9903495La3+、Yb3+在土壤和矿物中的吸附特征及其环境意义/高效江…(中科院地理研究所)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1999,19(…     

山西矿区退化土地复垦途径的试验研究

在重建矿区生态系统的研究中,围绕矿区退化土地的复垦种植问题,从适生物种筛选、种植方式选择以及对退化土地培肥熟化效果等方面进行了试验研究,取得了较好的效果。据试验结果和当地自然生态环境现状认为,把绿肥牧草,特别是豆科牧草作为矿区各类型退化土地复垦的先锋植物,是快速培肥熟化、恢复保护矿区土地资源和重建矿区生态环境的一项有效途径。     

山西矿区退化土地复垦途径的试验研究

在重建矿区生态系统的研究中，围绕矿区退化土地的复垦种植问题，从适生物种筛选、种植方式选择以及对退化土地培肥熟化效果等方面进行了试验研究，取得了较好的效果。据试验结果和当地自然生态环境现状认为，把绿肥牧草，特别是豆科牧草作为矿区各类型退化土地复垦的先锋植物，是快速培肥熟化、恢复保护矿区土地资源和重建矿区生态环境的一项有效途径。     

三里洞矸石废弃地人工植被群落构建初探

对矸石土样及植被材料进行采样测定,研究分析矸石的供肥能力、微量有毒元素含量、矿区植物中微量有毒元素的含量。研究结果表明:刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)对Cu、As元素吸收能力大于其它植物;荠菜(Capsella bursapastrois)对Zn元素的吸收能力较其他植物强;狗尾草(Setaria viridis)对Cr元素具有较强的吸收能力。依据矸石废弃地立地类型特点,矸石废弃地人工植被景观恢复过程中应选择臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)作为先锋树种,宜优先选用刺槐×沙棘×荠菜(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Capsella)、刺槐×沙棘×狗尾草(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setariaviridis)、臭椿×沙棘×狗尾草(Ailanthusaltissima×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setaria viridis)群落与刺槐林、臭椿林配植模式。运用生态恢复的方法对矸石废弃地进行人工植被景观恢复与重建,恢复其受损伤的生态系统,这对矸石废弃地植被恢复有一定的理论指导意义。     

Life cycle assessment of mine tailings management in Canada

The effective management of mine tailings involves the control of several environmental impacts and legal requirements. Six tailings site management and closure scenarios were developed for a copper zinc underground mine located in Quebec (Canada) and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA). Two options are considered for the mine operation: tailings can be sent to the tailings disposal area where they are submerged or they can be partly used for backfilling. For each of these two operation options, three alternatives are presented for mine closure: (a) submerged tailings, (b) partial desulphurization with a cover of desulphurized material and (c) a cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) made of natural soils followed by revegetation. The goals of the study were to draw the inventory of these management scenarios from the development to the post-closure phase, to assess and compare their environmental impacts and to determine the importance of the land-use impact category. The potential impacts for each scenario were evaluated using the IMPACT 2002+ LCIA method. The results of the performed LCA indicate that for mine development and operation, scenarios where tailings are partly used as backfill for underground stopes appear to lead to larger impacts in 11 of the 14 midpoint categories since the backfill plant operation consumes a greater amount of material and energy. For a site closure period of 2 years, the CCBE option creates the greatest impacts, since it requires much more effort than the other techniques. The results for the post-closure phase have been analysed separately since they have a larger uncertainty. They appear to modify the comparative assessment results. The various results presented in the paper show the importance of taking land-use impacts into account.     

几种牧草对铜尾矿重金属的抗性及其微生物效应

铜尾矿是一类重金属含量极高 ,对植物生长产生毒害的生境 .盆栽试验结果表明 ,4种牧草在纯尾矿以及由尾矿和对照土壤组成的混合尾矿上都能生长 ,但植物的长势随尾矿中重金属含量的增加而减弱 ,4种牧草对重金属的抗性依次表现为百喜草 >苇状羊茅 >黑麦草 >狗芽根 .此外 ,Biolog结果显示 ,土壤微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD)及群落丰富度、多样性指数与牧草的长势密切相关 ,种植牧草后能明显地提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性 ,提高幅度表现为百喜草 >苇状羊茅 >黑麦草>狗芽根 ,百喜草可望成为金属尾矿植被恢复的先锋牧草 .     

7个柳树无性系在Cu/Zn污染土壤中的生长及对Cu/Zn的吸收

通过盆栽试验来评价7个柳树无性系(旱柳?杞柳和金丝柳)修复Cu/Zn污染土壤或矿砂的潜力.研究了7个无性系在2种污染介质中的生长,叶绿素含量?根系形态及其对Cu、Zn的吸收转移.结果表明,150d后,7个柳树无性系在污染介质中都能生长,其中旱柳和金丝柳生长较好,其他无性系生长受到明显抑制.各无性系叶片出现黄化现象,叶绿素相对含量降低.根系发育受到一定程度的抑制.各无性系对Cu的积累主要在地下部,而对Zn的积累主要在地上部,特别是在叶片中.7个无性系在铜土中更容易积累重金属.各无性系生物富集系数(BCF)Cu.Cu的转移系数(TF)值均<1,Zn的TF值在1.36~2.49之间.旱10?旱34和金丝柳对Cu和Zn有较强的耐性和一定积累能力,适合在尾矿区造林和修复.     

Tolerance of Chrysantemum maximum to heavy metals: The potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps

To find if ornamental plants are applicable to the remediation of metal-polluted areas, the tolerance of chrysanthemum plants (Chysanthemum maximum) var. Shasta to different metals under hydroponic conditions was studied. Their responses as influenced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG25 on substrates containing mine residues were also investigated. Our results showed that chrysanthemum is a metal-tolerant plant under hydroponic conditions, plants behaving as Pb-excluders, whereas Cd, Cu and Ni were accumulated in roots. Low accumulation in flowers was observed for Cd and Cu but it was concentration-dependent. Ni and Pb were not translocated to flowers. Shoot biomass was not significantly affected by the different rates of mine residue addition for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated less Pb and Cu in both shoots and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants. Chysanthemum could be a prospective plant for revegetation of tailings and the use of inoculation may decrease plant metal accumulation in polluted soils.     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

铜矿尾矿库修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属形态研究

香根草是一种能在极端环境中生长的草本植物。对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿水木冲尾矿库生态修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd进行了赋存形态分析。香根草根际尾矿砂中四种元素形态绝大部分是残渣态,但Cu和Cd的有效态含量远高于香根草正常生长所需,是主要胁迫元素。香根草的生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)均小于1,表明它严格限制这四种重金属元素在根-茎叶中的迁移。乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态是植物体中活性较高的重金属形态。香根草地下部分Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd的乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态之和占各形态总和的比例分别为10%、23%、51%和16%;地上部分相应的比例为24%、26%、47%和12%。不同重金属元素表现出不同形态分布特征,这与香根草对它们的吸收和转运方式有关。香根草根际尾矿砂及其体内重金属形态决定了它对重金属的耐受性,表明香根草是有色金属矿山尾矿库理想的生态修复植物。     

Diversity of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in wastelands of copper mine tailings during the process of natural ecological restoration

Biological nitrogen fixing is an important source of nitrogen input in the natural ecological restoration of mine wastelands. The diversity of nifH genes in tailings samples under di erent plant communities in Yangshanchong and Tongguanshan wastelands in Tongling, was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) approach. The nitrogen-fixing microorganism community in the upper layer of tailings of Tongguanshan wasteland discarded in 1980 showed higher Shannon-Wiener diversity index than that in Yangshanchong wasteland discarded in 1991. The diversity of nifH genes in Yangshanchong wasteland of copper mine tailings did not display a consistent successional tendency with development of plant communities during the process of natural ecological restoration. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 sequences of nifH gene fragments retrieved from the DGGE gels indicated that there were mainly two taxa of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria living in the wastelands investigated, most of which were unique and uncultured. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) based on the relationship between band patterns of DGGE profile and physico-chemical properties of tailings samples showed that the diversity of nifH genes in di erent tailing samples was mainly a ected by loss of ignition, water content, pH and available Zn contents of wastelands. The dominant plant species and development period of plant communities by ameliorating pH, reducing the toxicity of heavy metals, increasing organic matter and water content a ected the diversity and structure of the free-living nitrogenfixing microorganisms in wastelands of copper mine tailings.     

污泥富磷堆肥前后重金属赋存形态及释放能力变化

市政污泥富含有机质和N、P等营养元素,经堆肥稳定化处理后可成为矿山废弃地复垦的良好基质,但市政污泥中含有的重金属成为限制其土地利用的主要瓶颈.以磷尾矿为辅料进行污泥堆肥处理,既可利用其中磷酸盐固定市政污泥中的重金属,又可实现磷尾矿和市政污泥的协同资源化利用.以磷尾矿渣为辅料,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,研究污泥堆肥前后重金属As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的赋存形态以及不同pH条件下的重金属浸出特性,探讨污泥富磷堆肥处理对堆肥中重金属迁移转化的影响.结果表明,污泥添加磷尾矿渣经过堆肥处理,促进了重金属由不稳定形态向稳定形态转化,降低了重金属在土壤自然pH范围(6~8)内及强碱性条件下的潜在释放风险,有利于污泥的土地利用.     

市政污泥堆肥对矿山废弃地生态恢复影响的研究进展

市政污泥作为城市污水处理过程中的副产物,含有大量的有机质和丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养物质,经堆肥处理后可用作矿山废弃地生态恢复的土壤改良基质.已有实验室模拟和场地规模研究结果表明,污泥堆肥的施用可同步实现矿山废弃地土壤基本理化性质改善、土壤微生物数量和代谢活性提高、植被的快速生长和生态功能的快速重建.污泥堆肥所含的氮、磷、有机质和重金属,在降雨渗流、微生物和植物根系的共同作用下淋溶进入水体或被植物富集,已有淋滤柱试验和短期植物种植研究结果表明,矿山有短期的二次污染风险,但风险可控.国外污泥/污泥堆肥用于矿山生态修复的案例证明,市政污泥经稳定化处理可促进矿山生态恢复,形成有效碳汇,而长期生态影响未来需要开展不同地域的场地跟踪监测并进行系统定量评估,从而进一步探讨该技术路线的可行性和安全性,同步实现市政污泥处理处置和矿山废弃地生态修复的双重目标,这也将成为未来评估市政污泥堆肥用于矿山生态恢复可行性的重要研究方向.      

丛枝菌根真菌在不同类型煤矸石山植被恢复中的作用

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)、真菌Glomus etunicatum(GE)和Glomus versiforme(GV)对新排、风化和自燃这3种类型煤矸石上玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、矿质营养吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、重金属吸收的影响,旨在为草原生态系统煤矸石废弃地的生态重建和植被恢复提供技术依据.结果表明,在3种煤矸石上2种AM真菌均与玉米成功建立了互惠共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为36%~54%.接种GE和GV均显著增加了新排和风化煤矸石上玉米植株的干重,接种GV显著增加了自燃煤矸石上玉米植株的干重;接种AM真菌不同程度促进了玉米对N、P和K的吸收,降低了C∶N∶P计量比,符合生长速率假设;接种对植株地上部和根部重金属Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn浓度的影响存在显著的差异.结果表明,GE和GV在3种类型的煤矸石上表现出了不同的菌根效应,GV更适于新排煤矸石和风化煤矸石的植被恢复,GE更适于自燃煤矸石的植被恢复.试验初步证明AM真菌对于增强玉米适应不同类型煤矸石复合逆境,以及在草原生态系统不同类型煤矸石废弃地上重建植被均具有一定潜在的作用,应进一步验证野外自然条件下AM真菌对不同类型煤矸石山的实际作用效果.