Ability of Agrogyron elongatum to accumulate the single metal of cadmium, copper, nickel and lead and root exudation of organic acids

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｓｗｉｔｈｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｍａｎｙｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｍｕｃｈｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｅａｓｙｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｒｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｓｏｉｌｓｔｏｐｌａｎｔｓ ,ｅｖｅｎｔｏａｎｉｍａｌｓａｎｄｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓ .Ｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓ,ｐｌａｎｔｓｇｒｏｗｎｉｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌ ｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｓｏｉｌｓｓｈｏ…     

8种木本植物对矿渣中重金属的吸收与富集研究

研究通过测定栽培在铅锌矿渣中的8种木本植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量,分析比较了其吸收和富集4种重金属的能力。结果表明:Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd主要富集在植物根部,只有很少一部分重金属转移到植物地上部组织中,8种植物并非超富集植物,实地植物修复中可选取光皮树、黧蒴栲、楠木以及杜鹃作为修复铅锌污染土壤的潜力树种。     

广东大宝山矿区土壤植物体系重金属迁移过程及风险评价

为研究矿区重金属在土壤-植物体系中的分布特征、迁移过程以及生态风险,分析了广东大宝山废弃采矿场地及附近农田的土壤和植物中重金属含量,揭示了重金属从土壤到植物的迁移累积特征,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,研究区域大部分土壤pH小于5,Cu、Pb及Al等重金属易从土壤中释放并被植物吸收累积.沙溪镇农田Cd污染严重,凡洞废弃采矿场地受Cd、Pb、Cu和As污染严重,存在严重的生态风险.新江镇农田也存在严重的生态风险,Cu、As和Cd是主要的潜在生态风险因子.采集的8种植物大多数重金属含量均高于一般植物,尤其是Al和Fe的含量.植物地上部分10%的BCF和18%的TF值高于1,表明植物吸收的重金属基本累积在根部.废弃矿区乌毛蕨和芒草地上部分重金属含量不高,是重金属耐受规避型植物,具备潜在的土壤重金属污染固定修复能力.农田杂草裸柱菊对Cd表现出较强的富集能力;水稻主要在根部富集As及Cd,属于根部囤积型植物.     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

Heavy metal distribution of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The characteristics of heavy metals in water, soils and plants of NRWs are significantly different from those in the RTRWs which are strongly affected by human activities.     

外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinussylvestris)Cu、Zn积累和分配的影响

通过测定２种不同施锌和施铜水平下苗木和离体菌丝中铜锌含量研究了接种外生菌根（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｂｏｖｉｎｕｓ）对欧洲赤松（Ｐｉ－ｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ）苗生长和微量元素积累和分配的影响． 结果表明菌丝的侵染增加了苗木生长同时也增加了植物体内重金属的含量．然而菌根植物中的重金属大部分分布在根部在铜处理中菌根植物地下部分的铜含量是无菌根植物的２．６倍在锌处理中锌是无菌根植物的１．３ 倍． 说明菌丝侵染使植物将过量的重金属滞留在根部从而增加了植物对过量重金属的抗性．通过进一步测定培养在过量重金属中的离体菌丝的重金属含量结果显示随着外界重金属浓度的增加菌丝分泌物内重金属含量比菌丝内重金属含量增加快说明滞留在根部的重金属可能并没有进入根系而是以某种形态滞留在菌丝分泌物和菌丝内．     

湘西铅锌矿区重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属累积特征

矿区土壤重金属污染在中国乃至全世界都是一个普遍的问题。采用现场采样、室内分析的方法,调查研究了湘西花垣铅锌矿区土壤及优势植物重金属含量,采用污染指数法和富集系数法对该矿区土壤和优势植物重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明,该矿区土壤主要受到Pb、Zn、Cd三种重金属污染。其中,Pb以轻-中度污染为主,Zn以中度污染为主,Cd以重污染为主。优势植物重金属含量测定表明,不同植物对重金属的吸收和累积特征不同,油茶属于金属富集型植物,毛萼莓、芒属于根部囤积型植物,飞龙掌血属于金属规避型植物。以上几种优势植物对重金属均具有一定的耐性,可以作为铅锌矿区弃地植物修复的优选物种。     

泉州湾红树植物中重金属元素的分布与储量

用ICP-AES测定了泉州湾洛阳江河口红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)根际沉积物中重金属总量和有效态含量,以及这2种植物体内重金属的含量,探讨了该红树林湿地重金属元素的分布、富集和储量情况。结果表明,2种红树植物根际沉积物中重金属总量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd,有效态含量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd,部分重金属具有一定潜在的有害生物效应;Fe、V在2种红树植物根部的含量最高,Mn在叶中的含量最高,其余重金属未有明显的统一规律;相关性分析表明,2种植物根中Cu和Zn,Pb和V、Co、Ni,Cr和Zn,Zn和V,V和Co、Ni,Co和Ni之间互有明显协同作用;除Mn在叶中存在较强的富集能力(富集系数大于1),2种红树植物对其余重金属元素的富集能力均较小,远达不到超富集植物的要求;秋茄和桐花树对Mn从根向叶的迁移能力最强,Cu、Cr、Zn在2种植物中的迁移系数均大于1,Cd在桐花树中的迁移系数也大于1,说明2种植物都有将这些元素向叶中输送的趋势,应注意其通过食物链富集作用引起的危害。2种红树植物中重金属总储量大小表现为:Mn>Fe(秋茄则Fe>Mn)>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>V>Ni>Co>Cd,其中Mn和Fe的总储量之和分别占到了总储量的97.7%(桐花树)和99%(秋茄)。     

基于悬铃木叶片重金属累积特性的大气污染分析和评价

以悬铃木叶片为监测器官,对淮南市6种大气环境20个样区Cd等6种重金属的累积量进行了测量和聚类,并分析了叶片富集重金属的EF值.结果表明,不同样区悬铃木叶片累积的6种重金属含量不同,平均值大小表现为Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cd;环境不同,叶片累积同种重金属的量也存在差异,水泥厂周边环境悬铃木叶片累积的Cd和矿区Cu以及交通主干道大气环境中Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn显著高于其他环境;除风景区、自然村Cr外,其他采样环境中被测重金属EF平均值全部超过1,矿区、电厂、交通主干道及水泥厂周边环境中的6种重金属的EF值全部大于3,淮南市总体大气环境重金属污染为Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cr.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对雌雄美洲黑杨吸收铅镉的影响

以雌雄美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)为研究对象,砂培条件下,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)对受Pb污染(200 mg·kg-1)、Cd污染(10 mg·kg-1)及复合污染的雌雄美洲黑杨Pb和Cd的富集与分配特征的影响,关注Pb/Cd复合污染独特的环境效应.结果表明:1未接种丛枝菌根真菌条件下,与单一污染相比,复合污染增加了美洲黑杨雄株叶、粗根、细根Pb和Cd含量;复合污染增加了雌株叶片中Pb和Cd含量,却降低了粗根和细根中Pb和Cd含量;复合污染条件下雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率分别增加135%和78%,雌株则分别增加52%和18%.2复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌引起雄株Pb和Cd富集系数分别增加87%和6%,雌株则分别增加171%和65%;雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率降低65%和69%,雌株则分别降低59%和53%.3Pb污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌雄之间Pb积累量没有显著差异;Cd污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雄株总Cd积累量是雌株的1.7倍;复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌株Pb和Cd总积累量分别是雄株的1.3和1.2倍.本研究表明,接种G.intraradices能提高美洲黑杨的Pb和Cd积累能力,对于不同污染条件下,应根据实际情况选择合适的杨树性别进行造林和生态修复.     

长江中游若干湖泊中水生植物体内重金属分布

用ICP-AES测定了长江中游若干湖泊的水生植物中重金属的含量,发现水生植物对重金属(Zn,Cr,Pb,Cd,Co,Ni和Cu)有很强的吸收积累能力,而一些重金属元素,比如Cd含量增加的同时也会减少必需元素(如Zn)的含量.此外,水生植物会控制重金属在植物体内的分布,使得更多的重金属积累在根部.根据重金属污染指数(MPI)判断,位于城市附近的湖泊重金属的水平较高,位于农村附近的湖泊的金重属含量水平较低.      

香港汀角红树植物、沉积物及双壳类动物重金属含量

汀角有香港面积最大的硬底质红树林,作者调查了该红树林区沉积物、红树植物以及双壳类动物体内重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)的含量.总体看,沉积物中重金属含量与其他地点相比较低,红树植物根际沉积物中重金属含量高于光滩.红树植物组织内重金属含量较低,体内Pb、Zn的含量均低于根际沉积物,但对Cu、Ni有一定的富集,Cu可在根部和叶内富集,而Ni只在根部富集,并束缚于此.双壳类动物对4种重金属的吸收存在较大差异,Zn、Cu的富集明显高于Pb和Ni的富集程度.5种动物中又以岩蠔最高,体内的Zn、Cu分别达到3913, 378mg/g.从重金属含量看,作为食用动物有一定的风险.     

Removal of metals by sorghum plants from contaminated land

The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals by three varieties of sweet sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L.), a high biomass energy plant. Ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) and ammonium sulphate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) were tested for their abilities to enhance the removal of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu by sweet sorghum from a contaminated agricultural soil. Sorghum plants always achieved the greatest removal of Pb by leaves and the greatest removal of Cd, Zn and Cu by stems. There was no significant difference among the Keller, Rio and Mray varieties of sweet sorghums in accumulating heavy metals. EDTA treatment was more efficient than ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in promoting Pb accumulation in sweet sorghum from the contaminated agricultural soil. The application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased the accumulation of both Zn and Cd in roots of sorghum plants. Results from this study suggest that cropping of sorghum plants facilitated by agronomic practices may be a sustainable technique for partial decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soils.     

典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性评价

为考察并掌握典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染现状,以上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,研究其周边土壤中重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性,采用Tessier连续提取法结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测分析表层土壤中目标重金属总量及形态分布,并利用风险评估编码法（RAC）评价其生态风险水平.结果表明:研究区域土壤中Pb和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态和残渣态为主（>80%）;Cr、Cu和Ni则以残渣态为主（>60%）;Cd虽以残渣态为主（>50%）,但与其他重金属相比,其碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高.生物有效性分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Ni以惰性态为主,生物有效性低,而潜在可利用态Cd、Pb和Zn占比较高,存在较高的释放风险.土壤中各重金属潜在生态风险水平由高到低依次为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn处于低风险水平,Cr和Ni处于无风险水平,而Cd处于中等风险水平.研究显示,该垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属已存在不同程度的污染累积,其中,潜在可利用态Cd的占比较高,已达中等风险水平,应引起重视.      

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

花卉植物修复剩余污泥中重金属的实验研究

文章采用徐州四种本土花卉植物,通过盆栽试验研究花卉植物对徐州姚庄污水处理厂剩余污泥中重金属的修复效果。主要研究结论如下:(1)吊兰在整个实验期内生长旺盛,污泥中重金属对其无毒害作用,相反金盏菊、矮牵牛、三色堇都受到不同程度的重金属毒害作用;(2)从积累特征分析,四种花卉植物对各种重金属均表现出一定的富集效果和转运效果,但是没有达到超积累植物的标准;(3)四种花卉植物茎叶部中,吊兰对Cu、Zn、Pb的积累量最大,最大值分别为2.58mg/plant、5.76mg/plant、0.29mg/plant,金盏菊对Cd的积累量最大,最大值为0.200mg/plant;四种花卉植物根部中,吊兰对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的积累量最大,最大值分别为3.12mg/plant、8.77mg/plant、0.29mg/plant、0.24mg/plant;(4)从四种花卉植物对重金属的耐性、积累特征和积累总量来看,吊兰的富集效果优于其它三种花卉植物。     

Effect of periphyton community structure on heavy metal accumulation in mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis):A case study of the Bai River, China

The ratio of metal:P stoichiometry was used to identify the accumulation pathways of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) from periphyton to snails Cipangopaludina chinensis Gray (C. chinensis) in the Bai River watershed. The results showed that periphyton communities were mainly composed of two types of algae, filamentous green algae and unicellular diatoms. The proportion of unicellular diatoms in the periphyton community is a key factor that influences metal accumulation in C. chinensis. The V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd content of C. chinensis increased steadily as the corresponding metal content of periphyton increased, but Cu and Pb in the snail did not increase in the periphyton. Mechanisms of V, Cr, and Ni accumulation were found to be related to the proportion of diatoms, while Cd and Pb accumulation were dependent on the physiological characteristics of C. chinensis. The accumulation of Cu in C. chinensis was closely related to their grazing behavior. The metal:P stoichiometry revealed that Cr, Ni, and Cd can reduce the potential ecological risks associated with increased P inputs to the ecosystem. V and Co were considered to be relatively safe, regardless of the periphyton P content. Finally, Pb may not be prone to transfer to higher trophic levels, and may pose the lowest ecological risks of the studied heavy metals, but Cu can cause potential ecological risks when eutrophication has occurred.     

崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统中重金属元素的分布累积与相互关系

以滩地几种常见大型植物为研究对象,系统地分析了Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草系统中的分布与累积,以及Cd,Ni,K及Ca 4种重金属元素在芦苇中的相互关系.结果表明:Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草根部的累积程度较高,约占总量的50%以上.w(Cd)在3种植物不同器官中均为根>茎>叶. 3种植物等量的地下部分中互花米草的阳离子交换量(CEC)可能最高; 互花米草各器官对Cd及Ni的累积能力均强于芦苇和海三棱草. 芦苇地下部分对K及Ca的吸收可以促进Ni的吸收与累积,但同时对Cd的吸收与累积却有一定的阻碍作用;茎中K及Ca与Ni及Cd均表现为一定的拮抗作用;在芦苇体中营养元素K及Ca呈一定的协同作用. 以w(Cd)及w(Ni)在上海市土壤分级标准中的相关背景值为参考,崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统根际土壤中的w(Cd)及w(Ni)整体上处于清洁水平.      

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.