格构梁与预应力锚索复合结构在丽山工程中的应用

格构梁与预应力锚索复合结构是近年来在滑坡预防、边坡治理中推广的新型结构措施。笔者利用Winkler弹性地基梁理论对格构梁预应力锚索进行受力分析，通过丽山工程的应用实例。较详细地论述了边坡支护工程中格构梁和预应力锚索复合结构的设计与施工概况。     

新型支挡加固措施在滑坡防治中的应用

近年来 ,作为滑坡治理中有效方法的支挡加固工程向复合结构、轻型化、小型化和机械化施工方向发展 ,受力也由被动向主动抗滑发展。本文主要介绍预应力锚索、格构锚固等支挡加固措施及其综合应用的研究现状     

三峡库区滩坪滑坡治理工程锚索抗滑桩施工技术

介绍了采用泵送混凝土浇注抗滑桩和风动潜孔锤偏心跟管钻进方法作为治理三峡库区巴东县滩坪滑坡锚索抗滑桩的施工技术,为滑坡灾害防治提供了可供借鉴的工程施工措施.     

高边坡预应力锚索(杆)验收试验研究

由于地质因素的不确定性以及高边坡工程的复杂性和锚固工程的特殊性,使高边坡应力锚索(杆)的施工质量直接影响到高边坡的安全和稳定,因此对锚索(杆)施工质量的控制和检验便成为施工过程中的关键问题。本文从预应力锚索(杆)施工验收试验着手,对如何进行试验准备、如何设定加荷等级进行了深入探讨,并对高边坡预应力锚索(杆)锚固的整体效果进行了全面的分析和评价。     

预应力锚索抗滑桩力学计算模型的探讨

通过分析现有预应力锚索抗滑桩力学计算模型的特点,找出存在的问题,提出了改进的滑坡推力和桩前土体抗力的分布图形,分析了预应力锚索在锚索桩中的工作机理和预加固作用及其在力学建模中的考虑方法,提出了锚索桩改进的建模方法并通过工程实例对改进方法和原有方法进行比较,论证了改进方法的合理性。     

基于锚索内力增量比指标的边坡安全性预警研究

预应力锚索作为主动加固手段，可提高边坡的稳定性。但公路边坡的锚固工程并非永久保障，随着岩土体外部荷载以及内部结构的改变，边坡仍然存在失稳破坏的潜在风险。因此，边坡安全性预警研究对于防灾减灾有着重要意义。以某实际预应力锚索加固边坡工程为例，采用数值仿真方式，通过建立边坡稳定性计算模型，得到不同锚索初始预应力下锚索内力增量与边坡岩土体强度折减系数的关系曲线，并将边坡滑动面起始发育和滑动面贯通分别对应的边坡岩土体强度折减系数λ₁、λ₂对应的点作为边坡安全性预警点，建立以锚索内力增量比作为边坡安全稳定状态的预警指标，提出了基于锚索内力增量比的边坡安全性预警方法和判别标准，该方法消除了锚索初始预应力的影响，便于工程应用，并得到锚索内力增量比在不同阶段的边坡安全性预警阈值与锚索初始预应力呈现出e指数关系，可用公式y=Ae^Bx表示，实际应用中可根据这一关系式实现不同锚索预应力加固边坡安全稳定状态的预警。     

滑坡治理中预应力锚索格构梁受力分析

三峡工程库区巴东太矶头东滑坡是松散堆积体滑坡，采用格构锚固结构进行治理，格构梁按照Winkler弹性地基上的梁进行分析，并与三维格构锚固模拟的结果对比，对格构梁的设计提出建议，建议梁长与弹性特征λ满足lλ≥λ，间距l5λ＜π／2，同时采用较小间距的格构梁以及小吨位锚索，悬臂长度取0.3-0.5l2s,建议设计时弯矩乘以系数K=1.3.     

静态爆破在长阳南山坡岩崩治理中的应用

相对于传统的爆破技术，在施工场地狭小、地形陡峭以及不能影响周边居民正常工作生活秩序等条件下，运用静态爆破技术施工，具有安全、环保、简单等不可比拟的优点。笔者详细介绍了静态爆破技术的基本原理以及在长阳县榔坪中学南山坡岩崩治理中的工程实践．阐述了静态爆破技术在危岩体治理工程中的施工方法、特点，应采取的安全管理预防措施及应用推广前景。     

论抗滑桩施工的安全问题

抗滑桩是滑坡治理中最常用、最广泛的工程措施。它以设桩位置灵活、对滑体扰动小、施工简便、设备简单的优势 ,得到广大滑坡病害治理专家的青睐。抗滑桩按桩材和截面形状分类 ,有木桩、管桩 (钢或钢筋混凝土管 )、钢筋或钢轨混凝土桩 (方形、矩形和圆形 )、钢板桩和 H型钢桩。施工的方法有钻孔桩、挖孔桩、打入桩等几种形式。抗滑桩施工的安全关键在于挖孔施工的过程中。笔者根据多年参与在抗滑桩设计、施工过程中遇到的问题 ,认为在抗滑桩施工安全问题上应从以下几个方面引起注意 :(1)井内爆破。井内开挖一般用短柄的铲和镐 ,在岩层中需打…     

岩体锚固及安全保护试验研究--以库木吐拉千佛洞为例

岩体严重风化、垮塌和裂隙发育是库木吐拉千佛洞普遍存在的地质环境病害．风化岩体锚固机理的研究和灌浆材料的优选是对洞窟实施有效安全保护的关键。现场试验结果表明：锚固体的破坏产生于岩体与灌浆体的接触面．抗拔力与锚固长度无明显线性关系．存在最佳锚固参数；风化岩体具有良好的可灌性．实现裂隙灌浆的重点只在于材料性能的确定。笔者认为在此基础上进行保护施工必须综合考虑特定环境条件．充分比较材料的优劣．恰当地选择锚固技术和引用PS及PS复合材料。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.