垃圾填埋场地下水水质评价及变化特征分析——以滇西某生活垃圾填埋场为例

以某垃圾填埋场地下水监测为例,全面分析评价其地下水水质特征及水质变化趋势,为研判垃圾填埋场渗滤液渗漏情况和地下水污染情况提供科学依据。首先通过单因子指数法计算各项指标的环境质量指数,定量化评价各监测点水样中的水质污染项目及其污染超标倍数;在此基础上,利用Nemero公式计算综合指数F,得出定性化水质综合评价结果;然后,通过选取具有代表性的监测点位,对两年监测中有普遍超标的水质项目进行水质变化趋势分析。结果表明：从2021年和2022年每个季度共计8批水质监测数据看,2021年地下水监测中超标的指标主要有TH、TDS、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、VP、Cr⁶⁺、FCB和Mn,而2022年在此基础上超标指标有所增加,主要为重金属元素;上下半年水质超标指标存在一定差别,且排水井中超标的水质指标制约了扩散井和监视井中的超标指标;排水井的水质全年均为极差,扩散井的水质总体上为较差,而监视井水质波动较大;三类监测井的COD_Mn和Cr⁶⁺表现为更好的协同性,而排水井的TH、TDS和NH_...     

辽河源头区的水体现状及评价研究

通过单因子指数评价法、模糊综合评价法、水质指数评价法对辽河源头区2008年-2012年的水质进行评价,发现辽河源头区所受污染较为严重,其中氨氮、BOD5和COD超标严重,对水体水质的污染影响较大。三种评价标准中,单因子评价法过于严苛,忽略了不同评价因子之间的联系;模糊综合评价法缺少对超过地表水标准的水质类别的定位,不能确定首要污染物;水质指数评价法不仅能反应水质状况,还能确定水体的污染程度及首要污染因子,是较为理想的方法。     

丹江口水库水质总氮超标成因初步分析及控制对策

文章通过分析丹江口水库近20a的水质总氮年变化趋势和库区上游来水、农业面源污染、居民生活污染等因素的关系,初步分析了丹江口水库水质总氮超标的原因,并针对其超标原因提出了防止污染的具体措施。     

浑江水库水质总氮超标原因分析与控制对策

文章通过分析浑江水库近9年的水质总氮年变化趋势和库区上游来水、农业面源污染、居民生活污染等因素的关系,初步分析了浑江水库水质总氮超标的原因,并对其超标原因提出了防止污染的具体措施。     

厦门市河流水质现状评价

１９９３年５月对厦门市主要河流作了水质现状调查监测，监测数据显示，河流以有机物污染为主。以水质综合质量指数方法和超标分类评价法对河流水质作了现状评价。选用有机污染有关指标为评价因子，以河流功能标准为评价标准，根据水质综合质量指数值和超标因子数目，将水质划分为３级。     

岷江眉山段水环境质量分析

采用改进的内梅罗污染指数法对岷江眉山段水质进行评价,分析水质状况及水质变化趋势,并提出水质污染防治建议。     

松花江流域省界缓冲区典型断面水质状况分析研究

以松花江流域省界缓冲区典型监测断面数据(2007-2014年)为基础,利用内梅罗污染指数法对流域水质情况进行综合评价,结合年变异系数和相关系数探究水质年际、年内变化趋势.根据监测断面数量和Ⅲ类及以上水比例变化情况分析省界缓冲区水质状况.根据水质特点确定主要超标项目,结合单因子评价法分析主要监测断面的水质类型、年际变化情况,并对监测指标相关性和超标率进行分析.根据上述分析结果,提出针对松花江省界缓冲区的监管对策及建议.     

牡丹江南湖水系水环境评价及治理措施研究

水环境评价是水资源规划管理的重要内容之一,对促进水资源可持续利用具有重要现实意义。以牡丹江南湖水系地表水环境监测数据为基础,分析了牡丹江南湖水系水环境污染的现状,应用单项标准污染指数法、综合污染指数法和平均污染指数法对水质进行了评价,其主要污染物为总氮、高猛酸盐指数和氨氮。通过对水环境基本情况的分析,探明问题所在。最后对结果进行了初步分析,并提出了相应的污染防治对策和治理措施,以期为制定水环境可持续利用及区域经济发展规划提供必要的科学依据。     

2005年-2009年新疆柴窝堡湖水环境质量状况和变化趋势

目的:1)掌握柴窝堡湖近几年工业、民用、农业等污染源的分布和污染物排放情况。2)针对重要污染物为柴窝堡湖污染治理和环境综合整治提供对策建议。方法:通过收集整理2005-2009年柴窝堡湖水质监测数据,根据《地表水环境质量标准》,采用单因子指数评价法、综合污染指数评价方法、综合营养状态指数法、趋势分析法对柴窝堡湖水质进行了评价和分析。结果:1)根据单因子指数评价法,2005年至2009年柴窝堡湖均为劣五类水质。2)柴窝堡湖五年间的主要污染物有:化学需氧量、硫化物、氯化物、总磷。化学需氧量的秩相关系数为0.9,表明该污染物浓度变化趋势有显著意义,变化显著上升。硫化物的秩相关系数为0.9,表明该污染物浓度变化趋势有显著意义,变化显著上升。氯化物的秩相关系数为0.7,表明该污染物浓度无显著变化趋势。总磷秩相关系数为0.9,表明该污染物浓度变化趋势有显著意义,变化显著上升。3)五年间柴窝堡湖的污染综合指数在1.66-2.07间,柴窝堡湖水环境质量为五级重度污染水质。4)通过综合营养状态指数法和分级原则,柴窝堡湖为中度富营养化湖泊。5)从平水期、丰水期比较柴窝堡湖水质,丰水期水质好于平水期水质。结论:1)2005年至20...     

大沽河干流青岛段水污染现状调查评价及防治对策

根据1995～2001年大沽河干流青岛段的水质监测资料,选用产芝水库出口、江家庄、沙湾庄、麻湾庄四个监测站位,利用单因子污染指数法对大沽河干流青岛段的水质污染现状进行了调查评价.结果表明,研究区段的上游产芝水库水质较好, 中游江家庄断面水质较劣于沙湾庄断面,其主要受控参数为生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮.麻湾庄断面处主要超标项目有氨氮、CODMn和BOD5等.并对水质的变化趋势进行线性分析,对大沽河水污染提出了相应的防治对策和建议,为进一步进行水污染控制及规划提供科学依据.     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

长期不同耕作方式下紫色水稻土和上覆水中汞及甲基汞的分布特征

为了解不同耕作方式对稻田中甲基汞的影响,在免耕冬水、垄作免耕、厢作免耕、水旱轮作和常规平作等5种耕作方式的长期定位试验地,分层采集土壤和上覆水样品,分析了汞及甲基汞的垂直分布特征.结果表明,免耕冬水、垄作免耕以及厢作免耕条件下土壤总汞含量在10~20 cm层最高,其中免耕冬水富集效果相对明显;而水旱轮作和常规平作处理则随土层加深呈下降趋势,其中水旱轮作更有利于汞的迁移转化.免耕冬水、厢作免耕、常规平作土壤甲基汞含量在剖面的分布规律与土壤总汞类似,除水旱轮作土壤汞甲基化能力在底层比表、中层较强外,其余4种处理则相反.5种耕作方式下稻田上覆水中溶解态汞(DHg)和溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)含量均随水深而增加,且水旱轮作和常规平作相对较高.各处理孔隙水中DHg含量与该层次土壤总汞含量有关,两者在土壤剖面上的波动趋势基本相同.免耕冬水、垄作免耕的孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均在10~20 cm层出现最大值.水旱轮作和常规平作的孔隙水DMe Hg含量则相反,在10~20 cm层有最低值,两种处理的DMe Hg占DHg比例随土壤深度增加而上升.不同处理孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均大于对应处理上覆水的值.     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

基于卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶三维分布特征研究

利用MODIS和CALIPSO level2气溶胶产品,通过统计分析多个气溶胶光学参数（光学厚度、消光系数、色比和退偏振比）的时空分布及其变化,得出2007~2016年华东地区（27°N~37°N,113°E~123°E）气溶胶三维分布特征.结果表明,华东地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）年平均呈现出北高南低,平原高、山地低的分布特征.AOD季节分布表现为春夏高,秋冬低,夏季最高,冬季最低,且研究区域北部（31°N以北）AOD季节变化比南部地区剧烈.气溶胶消光系数（σ）随高度呈指数衰减,秋冬（春夏）低层σ较大（小）但随高度衰减较快（慢）,2km以下北高南低.年平均色比（CR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.6~0.7,随时间有减小趋势.CR季节特征为4km以下春季最大,夏季最小且均一;4km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.年平均退偏振比（PDR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.1~0.25,北部较大.PDR季节特征为5km以下春季最大,夏季最小;5km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.从气溶胶组成来看,华东地区2km以下以污染沙尘为主;2~5km春季以沙尘为主,其它季节以烟尘为主;5km以上冬春以沙尘为主,夏秋以烟尘为主.     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

土壤中佳乐麝香和镉污染对苗期小麦生长及其污染物积累的影响

选用潮土和褐土2种理化性质不同的土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为供试植物,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和镉(Cd)复合污染对小麦植株生物量及污染物在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响.结果表明,在2种土壤中小麦植株地上和地下部分的干重变化顺序均为,单一HHCB污染土壤＞HHCB-Cd复合污染土壤＞单一Cd污染土壤.潮土中HHCB在小麦植株各部分的累积量高于褐土,且潮土中Cd对HHCB在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响与褐土中不同.潮土中的单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积量顺序为：根＞茎＞叶;Cd能够显著促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,而对HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积则起抑制作用,抑制率最高可达44.07%.褐土中单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶中的累积顺序为：根>叶>茎;Cd对HHCB在小麦根部累积的影响不显著,但是中高浓度Cd却可显著促进HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积,促进率最高可达35.95%.潮土中Cd在小麦植株各部分的累积量低于褐土,但2种土壤中HHCB均能够明显促进Cd在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积.潮土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为30.84%、61.82% 和61.82%,褐土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为 41.53%、184.16% 和206.18%,可见褐土中HHCB对Cd在小麦植株中累积的促进作用强于潮土.     

广西土壤和沉积物砷含量及污染分布特征

广西素有“有色金属之乡”美誉,土壤重金属污染问题较为突出。通过总结1989年以来相关文献,探讨了广西土壤和沉积物中砷含量及污染分布特征。3 045个和477个土壤和沉积物有效样点的统计分析表明,广西砷污染土壤主要分布于桂西北地区,尤其是刁江及金城江流域;矿业活动显著影响土壤砷积累,从其均值看：工矿区非农用土壤（140.5 mg/kg）>工矿区农用土壤（80.68 mg/kg）>非工矿区农用土壤（19.11 mg/kg）>城区土壤（18.35 mg/kg）,重度砷污染农用地样本均来自南丹;工矿区河流沉积物砷含量（283.5 mg/kg）远高于非工矿区,主要受影响区分布在刁江及大环江流域。为了控制环境风险,建议开展主要水系沉积物砷污染详查,加强南丹及周边区域污染防控和污染土壤修复。     

乌江流域东风水库沉积物中汞及甲基汞的时空分布特征

为弄清东风水库水库沉积物中汞及甲基汞的时空分布特征,于春、夏两季对东风水库进行了采样,分别采用王水水浴消解-冷原子荧光法和萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物总汞和甲基汞的浓度。结果表明,春、夏两季东风水库沉积物的总汞剖面分布特征具有良好的一致性,没有明显的季节性变化;水库沉积物甲基汞浓度表现为夏季略高于春季,中、下游略高于上游,但在垂直方向上的分布规律不明显,并未像其他的水库一样在沉积物剖面中出现峰值。     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

贵州高原红枫水库浮游植物中金属富集特征

为了掌握红枫水库浮游植物金属富集特征,分别于2018年冬季（1月）、春季（4月）、夏季（7月）、秋季（10月）对红枫水库浮游植物及其金属含量进行监测分析.结果表明：贵州高原红枫水库浮游植物金属富集含量大小为：Ca > Fe > Mg > Mn,Ca占金属含量总比重的73.9%,且金属含量四季变化差异显著,总体季节变化规律为：冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季 > 春季,冬季浮游植物金属富集总量为273.13mg/g,春季浮游植物金属富集总量为183.82mg/g.②贵州高原红枫水库采样点浮游植物金属富集含量排列顺序为：三岔河 > 后湖 > 大坝 > 将军湾 > 后午 > 花渔洞,红枫水库三岔河和后湖浮游植物富集金属含量高,花渔洞浮游植物富集金属含量较低,且Fe和Mn相关性显著,Ca与Mg可能具有同源性.③RDA分析表明,4季的浮游植物金属含量与蓝绿藻有较强的相关性.研究显示,红枫水库中浮游植物金属含量具有显著的时空变化特征,且在秋冬季浮游植物金属含量与优势藻种具有显著相关性.