外源稀土在根际与非根际土壤中的存在形态

采用根际袋法研究了稀土在春小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中存在形态的差别.结果表明,外源稀土进入土壤后,在根际土壤与非根际土壤中主要以残渣态形式存在,各形态含量的大小顺序为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机质结合态.小麦根系活动明显影响根际土壤中的稀土存在形态,根际土壤中的可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态含量明显大于非根际土壤中的含量,而碳酸盐结合态有所下降,有机质结合态无明显变化.     

某电镀厂附近农田土壤中的重金属形态研究

通过连续提取法对电镀废水污染区和对照区农田土壤中的重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Mn形态进行了研究.结果显示,污染区土壤中多种形态的Cu、Cr和Ni含量都显著高于对照区,尤其以它们的有机结合态差异最为显著.污染区较对照区土壤中Mn的总量虽无显著差异,但可交换态Mn的含量显著增加(分别为98.68mg/kg和40.75mg/kg).污染区与对照区土壤中的Pb的交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态均无显著差异.电镀废水的污染使得农田土壤中Cu、Cr和Ni含量和生物有效性显著升高,Mn的化学形态改变,移动性和生物有效性增加.     

某冶炼厂周边土壤碳组分与铜形态的相关性

研究了浙江某冶炼污染区农田土壤有机碳组分与铜(Cu)形态的相关关系.结果表明,研究区土壤Cu形态含量为铁锰氧化物结合态残渣态碳酸盐结合态有机质结合态可交换态,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和残渣态Cu含量分别占全量的39.55%和39.19%.土壤p H值和碳组分对不同形态Cu含量存在一定程度的影响,其中p H值与碳酸盐结合态Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态Cu均呈显著正相关;溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关;富里酸(FA)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机结合态Cu呈显著正相关;胡敏酸(HA)含量分别与可交换态Cu和有机结合态Cu呈极显著正相关.土壤DOC、FA、HA的动态变化对这些在移动性上存在差异的Cu形态间的相互转化会带来一定程度的影响,从而改变土壤Cu的迁移能力和生物有效性.     

用分级方法评估土壤对重金属的缓冲能力

研究了不同Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb负荷对5种土壤(油黄泥土、棕红壤、红壤、石砂土和紫砂土)中的重金属形态的影响,分析了不同土壤对重金属的缓冲作用及其影响因素.结果表明,未污染土壤中的重金属主要以残余态为主,占土壤重金属总量的51%以上.随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对重金属的缓冲作用下降.由于Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb本身的特性不同,土壤中各组分与Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的结合方式及程度不同.当外源重金属进入土壤后,土壤对重金属的缓冲性为:Pb>Cu>Zn Cd,酸性土壤和砂质土壤的缓冲能力较低.当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化;而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例增加.土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的比例递增,降低土壤对重金属的缓冲性,增加了重金属对环境影响的风险.      

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

土壤-小麦体系中稀土元素的形态和生物有效性研究

利用逐级提取法结合盆栽实验将外源稀土（La、Gd、Y、Ce和Sm）在土壤中的存在形态分为：水可溶解态、酸可提取态和有机质及硫化物结合态,并研究了这三种形态的稀土对小麦的生物有效性。研究结果表明：外源稀土进入土壤后主要以酸可提取态存在,不同形态的稀土浓度大小依次为：酸可提取态＞有机质及硫化物结合态＞水可溶解态。盆栽实验的结果表明,稀土元素主要富集在小麦的根部,土壤中酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态的浓度和小麦中稀土的富集量有明显的相关关系。     

三峡水库消落区土壤理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤磷的赋存形态进行了分级测定,并分析了各形态磷之间,以及各形态磷与样品理化特征(如全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、酸碱性(pH)、氧化还原电位(ORP))之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全磷含量在0.28～1.32g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.63g·kg-1;无机磷和有机磷平均含量分别为0.46g·kg-1和0.13g·kg-1,占全磷百分比分别为72.3%和21.7%,淹没消落区土壤中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,从各形态磷含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,表现为钙结合态磷>有机磷>铁铝结合态磷,土壤全磷含量增加主要来自钙结合态磷部分,其次是有机磷.淹没消落区土壤活性磷组分(铁铝结合态磷和有机磷之和)含量分布范围在0.04～0.39g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.20g·kg-1,占全磷比例达到33.0%,消落区土壤活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,淹没消落区土壤磷对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视;淹没消落区土壤全磷与无机磷和钙结合态磷,有机磷与铁铝结合态磷、全氮及有机质有显著相关性,表明钙结合态磷为无机磷和全磷的主要赋存形态,有机磷、铁铝结合态磷、全氮和有机质同源;有机磷同土壤酸碱性呈显著正相关,同氧化还原电位呈显著负相关,表明土壤酸碱性和氧化还原电位的变化可影响有机磷的含量与分布.     

长江中下游河流沉积物和悬浮物中金属元素的形态特征

采集长江中下游8个样点沉积物和悬浮物样品,用连续提取方法提取金属元素的5种化学形态（可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质－硫化物结合态和残渣态）,用等离子体发射光谱（ICP－AES）分析所有样品中锂、钠、钾、镁、钙、锶、钛、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、铝、钇和锆共15种元素各化学形态的含量,并用聚类分析方法研究这些元素在形态上的分类特点。结果表明：在沉积物和县浮物中,碱金属元素（锂、钠、钾）主要以残渣态和可交换态存在;碱土金属元素（镁、钙、锶）各形态含量较为均匀,但钙的碳酸盐态含量很高;锰和钴的铁锰氧化物态含量较高;铁族元素除锰和钴以外（钛、钒、铬、镍）、铝和锆残渣态含量高、其它形态含量低。所研究元素中,钙和锰的残渣态含量最低。     

珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

添加稳定剂对尾矿土中砷形态及转换机制的影响

土壤中As的不同存在形态影响着其毒性、可移动性、生物有效性,且产生不同的环境影响.本研究以粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁、碎花生壳为稳定剂,探讨其对土壤As的稳定化效果以及p H、有机质和阳离子交换量与土壤As形态的关系.结果表明添加稳定剂后,土壤p H及有机质含量上升,残渣态砷含量升高.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥后,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As分别下降了34.2%、17.5%、19.9%、53.7%,并转化为残渣态As,其含量增长了1.14%.当同时添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1%硫酸亚铁后,土壤中可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As含量的降幅分别为62.3%、55.2%、29.6%、58.2%,残渣态As含量增加8.1%.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥、1%硫酸亚铁和1%粉碎花生壳后,可交换态As下降最显著,最大降幅为73.3%.施用适量的粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁能使土壤中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态As的一部分转化为残渣态As,降低其毒性.提高p H,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,As在接近中性的环境中稳定性最好;提高有机质含量,碳酸盐结合态As与残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,有机结合态As含量下降明显;阳离子交换量上升,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.