生物三相流化床A/O2组合工艺在焦化废水处理中的工程应用

针对目前焦化废水处理工程系统停留时间长、处理效率低的现状,采用自行研制的新型结构生物三相流化床来实现A/O2组合作为核心工艺,研究生物处理系统各个单元结构在焦化废水处理中的降解特性及耦合关系.结果表明,生物系统在总停留时间42 h下稳定运行时,厌氧流化床能有效提高焦化废水的可生化性;将废水的BOD5/CODCr(B/C)平均值从0.30提高到0.45,一级好氧流化床能高效降解有机污染物,对CODCr,和酚的平均去除率分别达到87.8%和99.9%,平均处理负荷分别为3.97 kg·m-3·d-1(以CODCr计)和1.01 kg·m-3·d-1(以酚计),二级好氧流化床对NH4 -N平均去除率达到89.9%.出水NH4 -N浓度稳定在15 mg·L-1以下.生物系统出水经过滤混凝沉淀工艺后达到＜钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456-1992)中的一级排放标准.     

生物循环流化床工艺自养反硝化研究

对城市污水厂排水进行深度处理时,生物循环流化床提供的兼性环境有利于好氧硝化细菌和兼性厌氧自养反硝化细菌的生长,自养反硝化细菌可以在低有机碳源的情况下,以硫为电子供体进行自养反硝化从而去除NO₃--N. 试验以硫作为反硝化的电子供体引入自主研发的生物循环流化床中进行脱氮,试验进水各项指标参照北京市水污染物排放标准(DB11 307-2005)二级限值. 在6个不同的工况下运行,工况5出水水质可达到国家再生利用景观环境用水的水质,出水ρ(NO₃--N)为9.23 mg/L,去除率为70.61%;出水ρ(NH₄+-N)为2.36 mg/L,去除率为77.54%;出水ρ(TN)为13.53 mg/L,去除率为68.91%;出水ρ(SO₄2-)为245.15 mg/L,去除的NO₃－-N与生成的SO₄2－质量比为1∶7.7.      

曝气生物流化床处理高浓度含酚废水

采用曝气生物流化床(ABFT)工艺处理自配及实际高浓度炼油含酚废水,在进水ρ(总酚)为200～4 900 mg/L时,总酚去除率可达99%以上;苯酚的去除主要发生在曝气生物流化床的第1池,其他反应池可进一步保证出水水质的稳定性,从而使该工艺具有很强的耐冲击负荷能力;曝气生物流化床第1池在苯酚负荷为4.80～7.84 kg/(m3·d)的条件下,苯酚去除率可达70%以上;曝气生物流化床内生物量以附着生长生物膜为主,丝状菌在生物膜中占有重要地位.对自配和实际废水,ABFT均在高苯酚负荷下实现了污染物的稳定去除.      

循环流一体式生物反应器处理ABS树脂生产废水

采用气流提升-微孔曝气循环流一体式生物反应器处理ABS树脂生产废水,在水力停留时间(HRT)为24h,进水CODCr为800~1 000 mgL时,单级反应器出水CODCr均稳定在80 mgL以下,去除率达88%以上,有机氮去除率达99%以上。废水碱度达到300~450 mgL(以CaCO3计)时,反应区pH可保持在6.7~7.5,出水氨氮浓度稳定在5 mgL以下,处理负荷显著高于传统工艺。气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)及三维荧光光谱结果表明,ABS树脂生产废水中的有机腈和芳香族有机物可得到有效去除。     

提供生物稳定饮用水的最佳工艺

研究由预处理、常规处理和深度处理组合而成的 7种不同工艺对饮用水源水中可生物同化有机碳 ( AOC)的去除效果 .试验表明 :生物陶粒预处理对 AOC具有较高的去除率 ,达到 45%左右 ,如果在它之前先经过预臭氧化 ,生物处理的去除率可增大到 58.4% ;常规处理对 AOC的去除非常有限 ,去除率平均在 2 0 %左右 ;新活性炭单元因其吸附作用对 AOC的去除效果稳定在30 %左右 ,如和臭氧氧化连用 ,去除效果能提高到 50 %以上 ;包括了常规处理、生物预处理、预臭氧和臭氧活性炭的组合工艺对AOC的去除效果最好 ,达到 86% .因此臭氧氧化、生物炭和生物处理是提高饮用水生物稳定性的重要手段 ,并以本试验结果为依据提出了对于不同的水源水所采用的最佳工艺 .     

混凝处理工艺对再生水水质生物稳定性的影响

再生水在储存、输配过程中微生物的再生长现象给再生水的利用造成不利影响,因此,研究再生水的生物稳定性十分必要.本研究以可同化有机碳(AOC)表征再生水生物稳定性,考察了混凝处理对北京市再生水厂二级出水生物稳定性的影响.研究发现,二级出水中投加聚合氯化铝(PACl)剂量为20~120 mg·L~(-1)混凝处理后,水中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和不饱和有机物、含氮有机物(用UV254表征)的去除率分别为3%~30%和10%~36%,水样中荧光物质的去除效果不明显.分子量为3000~20000 Da的有机物容易被混凝过程去除,但分子量小于3000 Da的有机物在混凝过程中几乎不能被去除.二级出水经混凝处理后,AOC水平有升高的趋势.在PACl投加量为60 mg·L~(-1)时,混凝前后二级出水的AOC水平分别为48~485μg·L~(-1)和121~910μg·L~(-1),变化率为-4%~124%,说明混凝处理导致了水样水质生物稳定性降低.     

沸石复合填料生物流化床在污水处理中的试验

新型沸石复合填料生物流化床的填料为悬浮填料与沸石的有机组合体,该填料表面粗糙比表面积为711～1185m²/m³,是悬浮填料的2～3倍,且在污水处理中,挂膜容易,生物相丰富,且不易脱落;该新型填料生物膜致密,沸石内部的孔穴中长有较多的原生物,有利于氨氮的转化.实验结果表明,当流化床深度处理生活污水处于稳定状态时,出水COD_Cr浓度为15.2～28.7mg/L,去除率为48%～84.5%;出水NH₄⁺-N浓度≤2mg/L,去除率92%～98%.处理后的生活污水达到发电厂循环冷却水水质指标.     

采用生物膜工艺处理低浓度有机污水的中试研究

采用曝气生物滤池及生物接触氧化工艺处理低浓度有机污水,曝气生物滤池以悬浮填料为生物载体,进水ρ(COD_Cr)为50～150 mg/L,实验规模均为12～36 m3/d.结果表明,采用生物膜法的曝气生物滤池及生物接触氧化工艺对低浓度有机污水均有较好的处理效果,水力停留时间是影响处理效果的关键因素,COD_Cr的去除率为40%～70%,NH₃-N的去除率受水力停留时间影响较大,为3%～90%;对比采用颗粒填料的曝气生物滤池与生物接触氧化2种工艺,曝气生物滤池处理效果稍好,但差别并不明显;与生物接触氧化工艺相比,采用新开发的中空悬浮填料的曝气生物滤池COD_Cr去除率提高25%,NH₃-N去除率提高10%.      

膜生物反应器处理低温低浊水的工艺研究

针对低温低浊水处理的难题,采用膜生物反应器(MBR) 工艺对松花江冬季原水进行处理试验研究,考察MBR工艺对浑浊度和有机污染物的去除效果及膜过滤周期.试验结果表明,MBR工艺对浑浊度的去除率在90%以上,出水浑浊度低于1NTU.对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别可达40%～50%和30%～45%.膜过滤周期较长,可达60～70 h.投加PAC可提高对有机物的去除率,但对膜过滤性能的影响不显著.MBR工艺可有效处理低温低浊水,出水水质优于常规工艺出水水质.在原水有机物污染严重时,可投加PAC形成PAC-MBR组合工艺,增强对有机污染物的去除效果.     

新型反应器-USSB处理有机废水的试验研究

对上流式分段污泥床 (UpflowStagedSludgeBed)反应器在中温 (35± 2℃ )下处理有机废水进行了试验研究。反应器内污泥经过 60d的培养驯化后 ,用于处理实际有机废水。当进水COD浓度在 2 1 88～ 52 88mg L之间变化 ,有机负荷为 2 .4～ 6.9kgCOD (m3·d)时 ,经该反应器处理后 ,COD去除率在 82 %以上 ,最高可达 92 .5 % ;废水中TP去除率也在 50 %以上 ,出水的碳酸氢盐碱度与VFA的比值在 3 .33～ 5 .73之间 ,反应器运行稳定 ,取得了良好的运行效果。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.